Kit Library / Science / अकार्बनिक रसायन विज्ञान
⚡ Topic Learning KitShared by a Veda teacher · Generated with Veda AI
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💡 Key Idea
CO donates in, metal donates back.
In synergic bonding, the ligand and metal give electrons to each other at the same time, so the two interactions reinforce one another.
↳ Synergic bonding is a mutual electron exchange that strengthens the metal-ligand bond far beyond a simple donation.
📖 Definition
Two bonds that boost each other.
↳ Synergic = simultaneous forward donation and backward donation that strengthen each other.
⚙️ Process
Follow the electrons, both directions.
The result is a synergic bond where the metal and CO are held together much more strongly than by sigma donation alone.
↳ One sigma donation plus two pi back-bonds together create the synergic M–CO linkage.
➗ Formula
d-orbitals meet pi* orbitals.
Back-donation requires the metal d-orbital and CO's pi* orbital to have matching symmetry so they can overlap.
↳ Back-donation works only when metal d-orbitals and CO pi* orbitals overlap with the right symmetry.
⚖️ Comparison
Two flows, opposite directions.
↳ Sigma donation builds the bond; pi back-donation reinforces it while weakening the C–O bond.
⭐ Important Fact
CO, CN⁻, NO — the strong binders.
These ligands have empty pi* orbitals that accept electron density from the metal.
↳ Ligands with accessible pi* orbitals — CO, CN⁻, NO — are the ones that form synergic bonds.
⚠️ Common Mistake
It's not just CO giving.
↳ Forgetting the back-bond misses the whole point of synergic bonding.
🌍 Real World
Metal carbonyls run on this bond.
↳ Synergic bonding is the reason stable metal carbonyl compounds can exist at all.
🎯 Exam Tip
Draw both arrows, both ways.
↳ Examiners look for both electron flows and the pi* orbital labels.
🧠 Memory Trick
Both hands grip — that's synergic.
Think of synergic bonding as a two-handed handshake: CO reaches forward (sigma), the metal reaches back (pi). One hand alone is weak; both together lock it tight.
↳ A two-way handshake image keeps the 'synergic' idea memorable.
Synergic bonding explains why carbon monoxide binds so strongly to transition metals. It combines a sigma donation from CO to the metal with pi back-donation from the metal's d-orbitals into CO's antibonding pi* orbitals…
Full explanation, worked examples & memory tricks in the app
All 17 questions, laddered from warm-up to topper-level, each with its answer and the reasoning behind it.
Q1. What is synergic bonding?
BeginnerAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q2. In the diagram, the σ bond arrow points from:
BeginnerAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q3. Which orbitals of CO accept π back-donation from the metal?
BeginnerAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q4. Which ligands are named as forming synergic bonds with metals?
BeginnerAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q5. In the diagram, the arrows from metal d-orbitals into the π* orbitals of CO represent:
BeginnerAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q6. Synergic bonding is defined by the mutual reinforcement of σ donation from metal to ligand and π back-donation from metal d-orbitals to ligand π* orbitals.
BeginnerAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q7. A student says CO only donates a lone pair to the metal. What is wrong with this statement?
IntermediateAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q8. When the metal donates σ electron density to CO, what happens to the carbon?
IntermediateAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q9. Why does π back-donation strengthen σ donation?
IntermediateAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q10. What happens to the C≡O bond as back-donation increases?
IntermediateAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q11. Which of the following is NOT a reason CO, CN⁻, and NO form synergic bonds?
IntermediateAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q12. Why are transition metals central to synergic bonding?
IntermediateAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q13. A chemist observes that the IR stretching frequency of CO in a metal carbonyl is lower than in free CO. What does this indicate?
AdvancedAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q14. Assertion (A): The metal–CO bond is stronger than σ donation alone would predict. Reason (R): σ donation and π back-donation reinforce each other in synergic bonding.
AdvancedAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q15. Consider the following statements about synergic bonding: I. σ donation goes from metal to ligand. II. π back-donation goes from ligand to metal d-orbitals. III. CO, CN⁻, and NO are classic synergic ligands. Which statements are correct?
AdvancedAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q16. A metal carbonyl is unusually stable. Which explanation best fits synergic bonding theory?
AdvancedAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
Q17. In a metal-carbonyl complex, if the metal's d-orbitals are fully occupied, how would this affect the synergic bonding with CO, CN⁻, and NO ligands?
AdvancedAnswers and explanations are in the Veda app.
18 flashcards in this kit — the app reviews them with spaced repetition so the right card returns on the right day.
Every game is built from this kit's own content — scores feed your mastery, so playing counts as studying.
Word Match
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True False
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Memory Match
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Flashcard Battle
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Speed Quiz
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Guess Term
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Sequence Builder
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Categorization
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Revision Battle
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