Std 12 Philosophy: Core Concepts & Schools of Thought: 23 flashcards
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1. What is philosophy fundamentally an activity of?
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Examining assumptions rather than merely accumulating facts.
2. What are the three parts of a philosophical argument?
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Premises, inference, and conclusion.
3. When is an argument valid?
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When, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
4. What makes an argument sound?
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It is valid AND all its premises are actually true.
5. Which direction does a deductive argument move?
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From general to particular, aiming at certainty.
6. Which direction does an inductive argument move?
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From particular to general, yielding probability.
7. What distinguishes āstika from nāstika schools?
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Āstika schools accept Vedic authority; nāstika schools do not.
8. Name the six āstika schools.
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Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, and Vedānta.
9. Name the three nāstika schools.
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Cārvāka, Buddhism, and Jainism.
10. What does pramāṇa mean?
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A valid means of knowledge.
11. Which four pramāṇas does Nyāya recognise?
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Perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.
12. Which pramāṇa does Cārvāka accept?
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Only perception.
13. Which comes first in philosophical inquiry: epistemology or metaphysics?
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Epistemology generally precedes metaphysics.
14. How does Cārvāka view the self?
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It identifies the self with the body; consciousness is a by-product of matter and ends at death.
15. What does Buddhism say about the self?
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It denies a permanent self (anattā), replacing it with a stream of momentary states.
16. How does Advaita Vedānta identify the self?
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The self is identified with Brahman.
17. What are the three divisions of normative ethics?
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Consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics.
18. What kind of theory is Utilitarianism?
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A form of consequentialism.
19. What is Kant's categorical imperative?
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A deontological principle: act only on rules that could be universalised.
20. What is Aristotle's ethics centred on?
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Virtue and character.
21. What does 'nāstika' actually mean?
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Non-acceptance of Vedic authority — NOT atheism.
22. Is 'valid' the same as 'true'?
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No. Validity concerns the form of the argument; truth concerns the content of premises and conclusion.
23. Why does philosophical disagreement remain rational?
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Because multiple positions can be defensible when each rests on sound reasoning from different starting points.
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