Plant Biology: 66 flashcards
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1. What are the main parts of a plant?
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Roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits (including seeds).
2. What is the function of roots?
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Roots anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and minerals.
3. What is the function of the stem?
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The stem supports the plant and transports water, minerals, and food between roots and leaves.
4. What is the main function of leaves?
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Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis, where the plant makes food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
5. What is photosynthesis?
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The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (glucose) and release oxygen.
6. What is chlorophyll?
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Chlorophyll is the green pigment in leaves that captures sunlight for photosynthesis.
7. What are stomata?
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Stomata are tiny pores on the surface of leaves that allow gas exchange (carbon dioxide in, oxygen out) and water loss.
8. What is transpiration?
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Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from plant leaves through stomata.
9. What is the role of flowers in a plant?
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Flowers are the reproductive parts of the plant; they produce fruits and seeds after pollination and fertilization.
10. What is pollination?
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Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of a flower.
11. What is fertilization in plants?
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Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes (pollen and ovule) to form a zygote, which develops into a seed.
12. What are the male and female reproductive parts of a flower?
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Male: stamen (anther + filament). Female: pistil/carpel (stigma, style, ovary).
13. What is a fruit?
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A fruit is the mature ovary of a flower that contains seeds and helps in seed dispersal.
14. What is seed dispersal?
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Seed dispersal is the movement of seeds away from the parent plant by wind, water, animals, or explosion.
15. What is germination?
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Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant under suitable conditions (water, oxygen, warmth).
16. What are the conditions needed for germination?
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Water, oxygen (air), and a suitable temperature (warmth).
17. What is the difference between taproot and fibrous root?
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Taproot: one main root with smaller side roots (e.g., carrot). Fibrous root: many thin roots of similar size (e.g., grass).
18. What are the two main types of root systems?
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Taproot system and fibrous root system.
19. What is the difference between a herb, shrub, and tree?
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Herb: small, soft, green stem. Shrub: medium, woody stem, branches near base. Tree: tall, thick woody trunk.
20. What are the two main types of leaves based on venation?
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Reticulate venation (net-like veins, e.g., mango) and parallel venation (parallel veins, e.g., grass).
21. What is the function of the ovary in a flower?
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The ovary contains ovules and develops into the fruit after fertilization.
22. What is the function of the anther?
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The anther produces and stores pollen grains.
23. What is the function of the stigma?
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The stigma receives pollen grains during pollination.
24. What is the role of the style in a flower?
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The style connects the stigma to the ovary and allows the pollen tube to grow through it.
25. What are the main agents of pollination?
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Wind, water, insects, birds, and other animals.
26. What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
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Self-pollination: pollen from the same flower or plant. Cross-pollination: pollen from a different plant of the same species.
27. What is the function of the seed coat?
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The seed coat protects the embryo inside the seed.
28. What are the three main parts of a seed?
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Seed coat, embryo (baby plant), and cotyledon(s) (food store).
29. What is the role of cotyledons?
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Cotyledons store food for the developing embryo until the seedling can make its own food.
30. What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot seed?
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Monocot: one cotyledon (e.g., maize). Dicot: two cotyledons (e.g., bean).
31. What is the function of the xylem?
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Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
32. What is the function of the phloem?
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Phloem transports food (glucose) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
33. What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
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Xylem: transports water and minerals upward. Phloem: transports food in both directions.
34. What are the main parts of a leaf?
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Petiole (stalk), lamina (blade), veins, and midrib.
35. What is the function of veins in a leaf?
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Veins provide support and transport water, minerals, and food.
36. What is the difference between simple and compound leaves?
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Simple leaf: single blade. Compound leaf: blade divided into leaflets.
37. What is the role of the petiole?
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The petiole attaches the leaf blade to the stem and allows the leaf to turn toward light.
38. What are the main functions of stems?
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Support, transport (xylem and phloem), and sometimes storage and photosynthesis.
39. What are the two types of buds on a stem?
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Terminal bud (at the tip, for vertical growth) and axillary/lateral bud (at the side, for branches).
40. What is the difference between annual, biennial, and perennial plants?
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Annual: completes life cycle in one year. Biennial: two years. Perennial: lives for many years.
41. What is the role of the root hair?
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Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
42. What is the difference between taproot and fibrous root?
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Taproot: one main root with smaller side roots (e.g., carrot). Fibrous root: many thin roots of similar size (e.g., grass).
43. What are the two main types of root systems?
Show the answer
Taproot system and fibrous root system.
44. What is the difference between a herb, shrub, and tree?
Show the answer
Herb: small, soft, green stem. Shrub: medium, woody stem, branches near base. Tree: tall, thick woody trunk.
45. What are the two main types of leaves based on venation?
Show the answer
Reticulate venation (net-like veins, e.g., mango) and parallel venation (parallel veins, e.g., grass).
46. What is the function of the ovary in a flower?
Show the answer
The ovary contains ovules and develops into the fruit after fertilization.
47. What is the function of the anther?
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The anther produces and stores pollen grains.
48. What is the function of the stigma?
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The stigma receives pollen grains during pollination.
49. What is the role of the style in a flower?
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The style connects the stigma to the ovary and allows the pollen tube to grow through it.
50. What are the main agents of pollination?
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Wind, water, insects, birds, and other animals.
51. What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
Show the answer
Self-pollination: pollen from the same flower or plant. Cross-pollination: pollen from a different plant of the same species.
52. What is the function of the seed coat?
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The seed coat protects the embryo inside the seed.
53. What are the three main parts of a seed?
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Seed coat, embryo (baby plant), and cotyledon(s) (food store).
54. What is the role of cotyledons?
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Cotyledons store food for the developing embryo until the seedling can make its own food.
55. What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot seed?
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Monocot: one cotyledon (e.g., maize). Dicot: two cotyledons (e.g., bean).
56. What is the function of the xylem?
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Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
57. What is the function of the phloem?
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Phloem transports food (glucose) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
58. What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
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Xylem: transports water and minerals upward. Phloem: transports food in both directions.
59. What are the main parts of a leaf?
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Petiole (stalk), lamina (blade), veins, and midrib.
60. What is the function of veins in a leaf?
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Veins provide support and transport water, minerals, and food.
61. What is the difference between simple and compound leaves?
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Simple leaf: single blade. Compound leaf: blade divided into leaflets.
62. What is the role of the petiole?
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The petiole attaches the leaf blade to the stem and allows the leaf to turn toward light.
63. What are the main functions of stems?
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Support, transport (xylem and phloem), and sometimes storage and photosynthesis.
64. What are the two types of buds on a stem?
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Terminal bud (at the tip, for vertical growth) and axillary/lateral bud (at the side, for branches).
65. What is the difference between annual, biennial, and perennial plants?
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Annual: completes life cycle in one year. Biennial: two years. Perennial: lives for many years.
66. What is the role of the root hair?
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Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
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