Reproduction: 26 flashcards
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1. What is reproduction?
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The biological process by which organisms produce new individuals (offspring) similar to themselves.
2. Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
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It ensures the continuation of the species and prevents extinction.
3. What are the two main types of reproduction?
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Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
4. Define asexual reproduction.
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Reproduction involving a single parent, where offspring are produced without the fusion of gametes.
5. Define sexual reproduction.
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Reproduction involving two parents (usually male and female) where offspring are produced by the fusion of male and female gametes.
6. What is binary fission?
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A type of asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
7. What is budding?
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A type of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from a small outgrowth (bud) on the parent body.
8. What is fragmentation?
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A type of asexual reproduction in which the parent body breaks into two or more fragments, each of which grows into a new individual.
9. What is spore formation?
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A type of asexual reproduction in which the parent produces spores that germinate into new individuals under favourable conditions.
10. What is regeneration?
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The ability of an organism to regrow lost body parts; in some organisms, it also serves as a mode of asexual reproduction.
11. What is vegetative propagation?
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A type of asexual reproduction in plants in which new plants are produced from vegetative parts such as roots, stems, or leaves.
12. What is a gamete?
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A reproductive cell (sex cell) that fuses with another gamete during sexual reproduction.
13. What is fertilisation?
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The fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote.
14. What is a zygote?
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The diploid cell formed by the fusion of male and female gametes; it develops into a new individual.
15. What is external fertilisation?
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Fertilisation that occurs outside the body of the female, typically in water.
16. What is internal fertilisation?
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Fertilisation that occurs inside the body of the female.
17. What is pollination?
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The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
18. What is self-pollination?
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Pollination in which pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
19. What is cross-pollination?
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Pollination in which pollen grains are transferred from the anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species.
20. What are the male reproductive parts of a flower?
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Stamen, which consists of anther and filament.
21. What are the female reproductive parts of a flower?
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Carpel (pistil), which consists of stigma, style, and ovary.
22. What is the function of the ovary in a flower?
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The ovary contains ovules, which develop into seeds after fertilisation; the ovary develops into the fruit.
23. What is the male reproductive organ in humans?
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Testes, which produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
24. What is the female reproductive organ in humans?
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Ovaries, which produce eggs (ova) and the hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
25. What is menstruation?
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The monthly shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) in females, accompanied by bleeding, if fertilisation does not occur.
26. What is the significance of reproduction?
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It ensures the continuity of species, introduces genetic variation (in sexual reproduction), and plays a role in evolution.
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