Measurement: 62 flashcards
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1. What is measurement?
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The process of comparing an unknown quantity with a known standard unit to determine its magnitude.
2. What is a physical quantity?
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A property of an object or phenomenon that can be measured and expressed in numbers with units.
3. What are fundamental quantities?
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Basic quantities that are independent of each other and cannot be derived from other quantities.
4. Name the seven fundamental quantities in the SI system.
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Length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.
5. What are derived quantities?
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Quantities obtained by combining fundamental quantities through multiplication or division.
6. What is the SI unit of length?
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Metre (m)
7. What is the SI unit of mass?
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Kilogram (kg)
8. What is the SI unit of time?
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Second (s)
9. What is the SI unit of electric current?
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Ampere (A)
10. What is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature?
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Kelvin (K)
11. What is the SI unit of amount of substance?
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Mole (mol)
12. What is the SI unit of luminous intensity?
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Candela (cd)
13. What is a standard unit?
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A fixed, internationally accepted quantity used as a reference for measurement.
14. Why do we need standard units?
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To ensure consistency, accuracy, and reproducibility in measurements worldwide.
15. What is the SI system?
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The International System of Units, a globally accepted system of measurement based on seven fundamental units.
16. What is a metre scale used to measure?
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Length up to 1 metre, typically with a least count of 1 mm.
17. What is the least count of a measuring instrument?
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The smallest measurement that can be read accurately on the instrument.
18. What is the least count of a typical Vernier caliper?
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0.1 mm or 0.01 cm
19. What is the least count of a screw gauge?
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0.01 mm or 0.001 cm
20. What is parallax error?
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An error that occurs when the observer's eye is not directly in line with the measurement reading.
21. How can parallax error be minimized?
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By positioning the eye directly above the measurement mark and using a mirror scale if available.
22. What is the SI unit of area?
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Square metre ($\text{m}^2$)
23. What is the SI unit of volume?
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Cubic metre ($\text{m}^3$)
24. What is the SI unit of speed?
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Metre per second ($\text{m/s}$)
25. What is the SI unit of density?
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Kilogram per cubic metre ($\text{kg/m}^3$)
26. What is the formula for density?
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$\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}}$
27. What is the formula for speed?
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$\text{Speed} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}}$
28. What is the difference between mass and weight?
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Mass is the amount of matter in an object (constant), while weight is the force of gravity on it (varies with gravity).
29. What is the SI unit of weight?
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Newton (N)
30. What is the relation between weight and mass?
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$W = m \times g$, where $W$ is weight, $m$ is mass, and $g$ is acceleration due to gravity.
31. What is the approximate value of $g$ on Earth's surface?
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$9.8\ \text{m/s}^2$
32. What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
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Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to how close repeated measurements are to each other.
33. What is a systematic error?
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An error that consistently occurs in the same direction due to faulty instruments or incorrect measurement techniques.
34. What is a random error?
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An unpredictable error that varies in magnitude and direction, often due to environmental fluctuations or human limitations.
35. How can systematic errors be reduced?
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By calibrating instruments, using correct measurement techniques, and applying zero-error corrections.
36. How can random errors be reduced?
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By taking multiple measurements and calculating the average.
37. What is the significance of significant figures?
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They indicate the precision of a measurement and help in reporting results honestly.
38. How many significant figures are in 0.00520?
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Three
39. What is the rule for rounding off numbers?
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If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, round down; if 5 or more, round up.
40. What is the SI unit of force?
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Newton (N)
41. What is the SI unit of pressure?
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Pascal (Pa)
42. What is the formula for pressure?
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$\text{Pressure} = \frac{\text{Force}}{\text{Area}}$
43. What is the SI unit of work?
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Joule (J)
44. What is the SI unit of power?
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Watt (W)
45. What is the formula for power?
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$\text{Power} = \frac{\text{Work}}{\text{Time}}$
46. What is the SI unit of frequency?
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Hertz (Hz)
47. What is the SI unit of electric charge?
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Coulomb (C)
48. What is the SI unit of electric potential difference?
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Volt (V)
49. What is the SI unit of resistance?
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Ohm ($\Omega$)
50. What is the SI unit of energy?
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Joule (J)
51. What is the difference between distance and displacement?
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Distance is the total path length (scalar), while displacement is the shortest straight-line distance with direction (vector).
52. What is the difference between speed and velocity?
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Speed is scalar (magnitude only), while velocity is vector (magnitude with direction).
53. What is the formula for average speed?
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$\text{Average speed} = \frac{\text{Total distance}}{\text{Total time}}$
54. What is the formula for acceleration?
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$\text{Acceleration} = \frac{\text{Change in velocity}}{\text{Time taken}}$
55. What is the SI unit of acceleration?
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Metre per second squared ($\text{m/s}^2$)
56. What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?
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Scalar quantities have only magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.
57. Give two examples of scalar quantities.
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Mass and temperature (or distance, speed, time, etc.)
58. Give two examples of vector quantities.
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Displacement and velocity (or force, acceleration, etc.)
59. What is the SI unit of temperature?
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Kelvin (K)
60. How is the Kelvin scale related to the Celsius scale?
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$T(\text{K}) = T(^\circ\text{C}) + 273.15$
61. What is the freezing point of water in Kelvin?
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273.15 K
62. What is the boiling point of water in Kelvin at 1 atm?
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373.15 K
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