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Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Its applications in pharmacy include the development of antibiotics and vaccines. Understanding bacterial growth involves rec…
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Explain bacterial growth in detail. Describe the different phases of the bacterial growth curve with a suitable diagram. Also mention methods used for measurement of bacterial growth.
Bacterial growth has four phases: lag, log, stationary, and death; measurement methods include direct counts and turbidity.
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Describe Gram staining in detail. Explain its principle, reagents, procedure and interpretation with a suitable diagram. Add its importance in bacterial identification.
Gram staining uses crystal violet and safranin to classify bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative, aiding in identification.
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Describe viral replication. Explain the lytic and lysogenic cycles with suitable diagrams.
Viral replication involves attachment, penetration, replication, assembly, and release; lytic and lysogenic cycles differ in outcomes.
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Discuss the different types of culture media with suitable examples.
Types of culture media include selective (e.g., MacConkey agar), differential (e.g., blood agar), and enriched media.
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Explain the structure of a bacterial cell with a suitable labelled diagram.
A bacterial cell consists of a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material.
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Define microbiology and mention two applications of microbiology in pharmacy.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms; applications include antibiotic development and vaccine production.
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Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.
Prokaryotic microorganisms lack a nucleus; eukaryotic microorganisms have a true nucleus.
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Write the principle of Gram staining.
Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on the structure of their cell walls.
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What is culture media? Give examples of enriched and selective media.
Culture media provide nutrients for microbial growth; examples include blood agar (enriched) and MacConkey agar (selective).
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Differentiate between lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral replication.
Lytic cycle results in cell lysis and virus release; lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the host genome.
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