Heredity: How Traits Pass from Parents to Offspring: 22 flashcards
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1. What is heredity?
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The passing of traits from parents to offspring.
2. What is genetics?
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The study of heredity and variation.
3. What are genes?
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Discrete units that control traits and are passed from parents to offspring.
4. What are alleles?
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Alternative forms of a gene (e.g., T and t for plant height).
5. How many alleles does an organism carry per gene?
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Two — one inherited from each parent.
6. Define genotype.
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The combination of alleles an organism carries (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).
7. Define phenotype.
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The observable trait of an organism (e.g., tall or short).
8. What is a dominant allele?
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An allele that expresses its trait even when only one copy is present (in a heterozygote).
9. What is a recessive allele?
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An allele that expresses its trait only when both copies are recessive.
10. What does homozygous mean?
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Having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g., TT or tt).
11. What does heterozygous mean?
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Having two different alleles for a gene (e.g., Tt).
12. What did Mendel use in his experiments?
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Pea plants with contrasting traits such as tall/short and round/wrinkled seeds.
13. What is the Law of Dominance?
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In a heterozygote, the dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele.
14. What is the Law of Segregation?
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The two alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries only one allele.
15. What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
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Alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation.
16. What phenotypic ratio does a monohybrid F₂ cross (Tt × Tt) show?
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3:1 (dominant : recessive).
17. What genotypic ratio does Tt × Tt produce?
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1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt.
18. What phenotypic ratio does a dihybrid F₂ cross show?
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9:3:3:1.
19. What is a Punnett square used for?
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To predict offspring genotype and phenotype ratios from parental alleles.
20. What does 'phenotype = genotype + environment' mean?
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The observable trait depends on both genetic makeup and environmental factors.
21. Are recessive traits always rare or harmful?
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No — recessive simply means two copies are needed to show; it says nothing about rarity or health.
22. Why do siblings differ from each other?
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Because each offspring receives a different mix of alleles from the parents.
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