English Grammar Essentials: Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Tenses & Sentence Structure: 31 flashcards
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1. What is a noun?
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A naming word — it names a person, place, thing, animal or idea (e.g., teacher, Delhi, book, honesty).
2. Common noun vs proper noun
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A common noun names any one of a class (city, boy); a proper noun names a specific one and is capitalised (Mumbai, Rahul).
3. What is a pronoun?
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A word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition (he, she, it, they, we).
4. What is a verb?
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An action or state word that tells what the subject does or is (run, eat, is, seem).
5. What is a tense?
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The form of a verb that shows the time of the action — past, present or future.
6. Simple present tense use
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Shows habitual actions, general truths and facts (She walks to school every day).
7. Present continuous form
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am/is/are + verb-ing — shows an action happening right now (He is reading).
8. Simple past tense
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Shows a completed action in the past, usually with verb + -ed or an irregular form (walked, went).
9. Simple future tense
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will/shall + base verb — shows an action that has not yet happened (She will sing).
10. What is a subject in a sentence?
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The person or thing that performs the action or is being talked about (The dog barked — 'The dog' is the subject).
11. What is a predicate?
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The part of the sentence that says something about the subject; it contains the verb (barked loudly).
12. Subject–verb agreement rule
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A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb (She runs / They run).
13. What is an adjective?
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A describing word that tells us more about a noun (tall boy, red car, three apples).
14. What is an adverb?
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A word that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb, often telling how, when or where (quickly, yesterday, here).
15. What is a preposition?
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A word showing the relationship of a noun/pronoun to another word, usually place or time (in, on, under, at, after).
16. What is a conjunction?
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A joining word that connects words, phrases or clauses (and, but, or, because, although).
17. What is an interjection?
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A short exclamatory word expressing sudden feeling (Oh!, Wow!, Alas!).
18. Declarative sentence
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A statement that gives information and ends with a full stop (The sky is blue.).
19. Interrogative sentence
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A sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark (Where are you going?).
20. Imperative sentence
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A sentence that gives a command, request or advice; the subject 'you' is usually hidden (Close the door.).
21. Exclamatory sentence
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A sentence expressing strong emotion and ending with an exclamation mark (What a beautiful day!).
22. What is a phrase?
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A group of words that has meaning but no subject–verb pair, so it cannot stand alone (in the garden).
23. What is a clause?
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A group of words containing a subject and a verb; an independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.
24. Personal pronoun examples
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I, you, he, she, it, we, they — they stand in for specific people or things.
25. Possessive pronoun examples
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mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs — they show ownership without a following noun.
26. Reflexive pronoun examples
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myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves — used when the subject and object are the same.
27. Regular vs irregular verb
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Regular verbs form past with -ed (walk → walked); irregular verbs change form (go → went, eat → ate).
28. Helping (auxiliary) verb
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A verb used with a main verb to form tenses or questions (is, are, was, has, do, will).
29. Present perfect tense
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has/have + past participle — shows a past action linked to the present (She has finished her work).
30. Past continuous tense
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was/were + verb-ing — shows an action in progress at a past moment (They were playing).
31. Why pronouns matter
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They replace repeated nouns so writing stays short and smooth (Riya lost Riya's pen → Riya lost her pen).
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