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New Exam Prep
English 24 leveled MCQs Free
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5 marks Long answer
Give the structure and IUPAC name of the product expected from the following reactions: a) Catalytic reduction of butanal. b) Reaction of propanone with methyl magnesium bromide, followed by hydrolysis.
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Butanal reduces to butanol; propanone with Grignard forms tertiary alcohol.
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5 marks Long answer
How can the following conversions be carried out? a) Propane → Propan-1-ol b) 1-Bromopropane → 2-Bromopropane.
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Use hydroboration-oxidation for propane; use SN2 reaction for bromopropane.
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5 marks Long answer
Explain why the complex ion [Ti(H2O)6]^{3+} is coloured, based on Crystal Field Theory.
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Color arises from d-d transitions in split d-orbitals due to ligand field.
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5 marks Long answer
How is potassium permanganate prepared commercially? Also, give the structures of chromate and dichromate ions.
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Prepared by oxidation of MnO2; chromate: CrO4^{2-}, dichromate: Cr2O7^{2-}.
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5 marks Long answer
Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2L of water at 25 °C, assuming that K2SO4 is completely dissociated.
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Osmotic pressure (π) = 0.00125 atm using π = iCRT.
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5 marks Long answer
Explain the following named reactions: a) Swartz reaction b) Sandmeyer's reaction c) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
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Swartz: preparation of aryl fluorides; Sandmeyer: aryl halides; Reimer-Tiemann: ortho-formylation.
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5 marks Long answer
Account for the following: a) Propanol has a higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon butane. b) o-Nitrophenol is more acidic than o-methoxyphenol. c) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
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Propanol has hydrogen bonding; o-nitrophenol has stronger resonance; chlorobenzene's dipole is canceled by symmetry.
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5 marks Long answer
Give equations for the following reactions: a) What happens when methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether? b) What happens when ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH? c) What happens when n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH?
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a) Forms butane; b) Forms ethanol; c) Forms butene.
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5 marks Long answer
Using Valence Bond Theory, explain the following in relation to the paramagnetic complex [NiCl4]^{2-}: a) Type of hybridization. b) Magnetic moment value. c) Type of complex — whether inner orbital or outer orbital. Justify your answer.
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Hybridization: sp^3; magnetic moment: 2.83 μB; outer orbital complex due to d^8 configuration.
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5 marks Long answer
a) Write the reaction for the Williamson ether synthesis of 2-ethoxy-3-methyl pentane, starting from ethanol and 3-methylpentan-2-ol. b) Give the products of the following reaction: C6H5CH2OC6H5 + HI → ?
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a) Ethanol reacts with 3-methylpentan-2-ol; b) Products are benzyl iodide and phenol.
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5 marks Long answer
a) State Henry's law. b) Calculate the mass of the compound (molar mass = 256 g mol^{-1}) to be dissolved in 75 g of benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K. (Given: Kf of C6H6 = 5.12 K kg mol^{-1})
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Henry's law: C = kP; mass = 4.8 g to lower freezing point by 0.48 K.
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5 marks Long answer
Illustrate the following reaction with a suitable chemical equation: a) Cannizzaro reaction. b) Give a chemical test to distinguish between benzaldehyde and acetophenone. c) How will you convert benzaldehyde into benzophenone?
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a) Cannizzaro: 2RCHO → RCOOH + RCH2OH; b) Test: 2,4-DNPH; c) Use Friedel-Crafts acylation.
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5 marks Long answer
i. In 3d series, Mn exhibits highest oxidation state while in 4d and 5d, Ru and Os have highest oxidation state. What is the highest oxidation state shown among the given elements? or Although zirconium belongs to 4d transition series and hafnium to 5d transition series, even then they show similar physical and chemical properties. Give reason. ii. Vanadium has the ability to exhibit various oxidation states. How do you explain this? iii. Complete and balance the following equations: (any one) Fe^{2+} + MnO4^{-} + H^{+} → MnO4^{-} + H2O + I^{-} →
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Highest oxidation state: +7 for Mn; vanadium's d-electrons allow variable states.
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5 marks Long answer
iv. The colligative properties of electrolytes require a slightly different approach than the ones for colligative properties of non-electrolytes. Electrolytes dissociate into ions in a solution. The actual number of solute particles that determines the colligative properties of a solution. The dissociation therefore shows abnormal colligative properties. To account for this effect, we define a quantity called van't Hoff factor, given by i = (actual number of particles in a solution after dissociation/association) / (number of formula units initially dissolved in solution). i = 1 for non-electrolytes, i > 1 for electrolytes undergoing dissociation, i < 1 for solutes undergoing association. a. Give an example of a solution in which solute molecules undergo association in solution. b. A substance dimerizes when dissolved in water. What will be its van't Hoff factor? (Assume 100% dissociation) c. Which of the following will have the highest van't Hoff factor? C6H12O6, NaCl, CaCl2, Ca3(PO4)2 d. 0.1 molar K4[Fe(CN)6] is 60% dissociated. Calculate its Van't Hoff factor.
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Example: acetic acid; dimerization gives i = 0.5; highest i: CaCl2; K4[Fe(CN)6] i = 2.4.
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5 marks Long answer
a) Give an example of cross-aldol condensation and write the product formed. b) Give the product of the following reaction: R-CH=CH-CHO with semi carbazide. c) Draw the structure of 3-methylcyclopentanone. d) Would you expect benzaldehyde to be more reactive or less reactive in a nucleophilic addition reaction than propanal? Explain.
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Cross-aldol: acetaldehyde with benzaldehyde; product: β-hydroxyaldehyde.
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5 marks Long answer
or a) Draw the structures of the following derivatives: (i) The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone. (ii) The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde. b) Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions. Give reason. c) Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their boiling points and give reason. CH3CH2CHO, CH3CH2CH2OH, H5C2-O-C2H5, CH3CH2CH2CH3.
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Aldehydes are less sterically hindered; order: CH3CH2CHO < CH3CH2CH2OH < H5C2-O-C2H5 < CH3CH2CH2CH3.
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5 marks Long answer
a. How will you convert ethene to ethanol? Give the mechanism of the reaction. b. Give the product of the following reactions: (i). Phenol with concentrated HNO3. (ii). Reaction of phenol with CHCl3 in the presence of aqueous NaOH followed by acidification. c. Why is C-Cl bond length in chlorobenzene less than that of chloromethane?
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Convert ethene via hydration; phenol with HNO3 gives nitrophenol; C-Cl bond shorter due to resonance.
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5 marks Long answer
or a. What is the product of the reaction of CH3ONa with (CH3)3CBr? Give reason for your answer. b. How will you separate a mixture of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol? c. Answer the following: (i). What is meant by hydroboration-oxidation reaction? Illustrate with an example. (ii). Give equation for the preparation of phenol from cumene.
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Product: tert-butyl ether; separate by distillation; hydroboration: alkene to alcohol.
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5 marks Long answer
a) Account for the following: (i). Zn^{2+} salts are colourless while Ni^{2+} salts are coloured. (ii). Cr^{2+} is a strong reducing agent. (iii). Transition metals form complex compounds. b) Write the ionic equation for the oxidizing action of MnO4^{-} in acidic medium with: (i). I^{-} ion (ii). Fe^{2+} ion.
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Zn^{2+} has no d-electrons; Cr^{2+} easily oxidized; complexes due to d-orbital interactions.
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5 marks Long answer
or a. Cu^{+} ion is unstable in aqueous solution. Explain. b. Write the equation involved in the preparation of KMnO4 from pyrolusite ore. c. Complete the following equations: (i). MnO2 + KOH + O2 → (ii). Cr2O7^{2-} + 14H^{+} + 6I^{-} →
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Cu^{+} oxidizes to Cu^{2+}; KMnO4 from MnO2; complete equations for reactions.
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1 marks Short answer
Assertion (A): Alcohols react both as nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reason (R): The bond between C-O is broken when alcohols react as nucleophiles.
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a) If both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the true explanation of the assertion.
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1 marks Short answer
Assertion (A): When NaCl is added to water, depression in freezing point is observed. Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in the freezing point.
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a) If both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the true explanation of the assertion.
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1 marks Short answer
Assertion (A): Separation of Zr and Hf is difficult. Reason (R): Zr and Hf lie in the same group of the periodic table.
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a) If both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the true explanation of the assertion.
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1 marks Short answer
Assertion (A): Acetaldehyde on reaction with dilute NaOH forms an aldol. Reason (R): Aldehydes and ketones having α-hydrogen atoms undergo aldol condensation.
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a) If both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the true explanation of the assertion.
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