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This exam covers key pharmacological concepts including classifications of drugs, mechanisms of action, indications, and contraindications for various drug classes. Students should be familiar with definitions and classi…
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Write the classifications of (a) Anti-emetics and (b) Drugs used in constipation treatment.
Anti-emetics include 5-HT3 antagonists and dopamine antagonists; constipation treatments include bulk-forming laxatives and osmotic laxatives.
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Write about triphasic response.
Triphasic response refers to the three phases of a drug's effect: onset, peak, and duration.
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Define General Anaesthetics and classify the drugs.
General Anaesthetics induce unconsciousness; classifications include inhalational (e.g., halothane) and intravenous (e.g., propofol).
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Write a short note on Insulin preparations.
Insulin preparations include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins, used to manage diabetes.
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Write indications and contraindications of amitriptyline.
Indications include depression and chronic pain; contraindications include recent myocardial infarction and arrhythmias.
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Write indications and contraindications of salbutamol.
Indications include asthma and COPD; contraindications include hypersensitivity and tachyarrhythmias.
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Write indications and contraindications of antihypertensive drugs.
Indications include hypertension; contraindications vary by drug class but can include renal impairment and pregnancy.
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Write the advantages and disadvantages of oral route.
Advantages include ease of administration; disadvantages include variable absorption and first-pass metabolism.
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Write the pharmacological actions and contraindications of isoniazid.
Pharmacological actions include inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis; contraindications include liver disease.
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Write pharmacological actions, indications, and contraindications of frusemide.
Actions include inhibiting sodium reabsorption; indications include edema; contraindications include anuria.
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Classify anti-fungal drugs. Write any two contraindications of them.
Anti-fungal drugs include azoles and polyenes; contraindications include hypersensitivity and liver disease.
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Name the drug used in CHF treatment and write its MOA.
Digoxin is used in CHF treatment; its MOA involves inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium.
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Define Myasthenia Gravis. Write any three drugs used in the treatment.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission; treatments include pyridostigmine, neostigmine, and thymectomy.
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Define mydriatics and miotics. Give two examples of each.
Mydriatics dilate pupils (e.g., atropine); miotics constrict pupils (e.g., pilocarpine).
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Define absorption. List out various mechanisms of drug absorption.
Absorption is the process by which drugs enter the bloodstream; mechanisms include passive diffusion and active transport.
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Define depression.
Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
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Define Asthma.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.
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Define hypertension.
Hypertension is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure.
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Classify antidepressants.
Antidepressants can be classified into SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs.
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Classify anti-asthmatic drugs.
Anti-asthmatic drugs include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers.
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Classify antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensive drugs include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
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Define route of drug administration.
The route of drug administration is the path by which a drug is brought into the body.
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Enlist various routes of drug administration.
Routes include oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and topical.
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Classify anti-tubercular drugs.
Anti-tubercular drugs include isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
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Define and classify diuretics.
Diuretics are drugs that promote urine production and include thiazides, loop diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
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Define Biologicals. Write examples.
Biologicals are products derived from living organisms; examples include vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
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Define chamatinics. Give examples.
Chamatinics are drugs that stimulate the release of neurotransmitters; examples include amphetamines.
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Which among the following is an example of B-lactam antibiotics?
Penicillins
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Laxatives, Purgatives and Cathartics differ in their:
Intensity of action
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Bioavailability means:
Rate and Extent of drug absorption
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Drug of choice in Organophosphate poisoning is:
Pralidoxime
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Which of the following is a local anaesthetic drug?
Xylocaine
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Tizanidine is an example of:
Centrally acting smooth muscle relaxant
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First acting receptors are:
Ionotropic receptors
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100% bioavailability is possible with:
IV Route
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Glycogen storage disease is caused by:
Penicillin
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Vitamin D deficiency causes:
All of the above
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Drug of choice in status epilepticus is:
I.V. Diazepam
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