Light Reflection and Refraction

Concave lenses produce virtual, upright, and diminished images, while convex lenses can produce real, inverted, and magnified images depending on the object's distance from the lens.

Dispersion of light is the separation of light into its constituent colors when it passes through a prism, due to different degrees of refraction for different wavelengths.

Applications of reflection include the use of mirrors in bathrooms, periscopes in submarines, and reflective road signs for visibility.

A concave mirror converges light rays to a focal point, while a convex mirror diverges light rays, causing them to appear to come from a focal point behind the mirror.

The critical angle $\theta_c$ can be calculated using $\sin \theta_c = \frac{n_2}{n_1}$, giving $\theta_c = \arcsin(\frac{1.00}{1.33}) \approx 48.75^\circ$.

Snell's Law states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, i.e., $\frac{\sin i}{\sin r} = n$, where $n$ is the refractive index.

Total internal reflection occurs when a light ray traveling in a denser medium hits the boundary with a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing all the light to be reflected back.

1. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane. 2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Reflection of light is the bouncing back of light rays when they hit a surface.

Refraction of light is the bending of light rays when they pass from one medium to another.