Food Resources: 30 flashcards
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1. Why is there a need to improve food production in India?
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India's population is growing rapidly, requiring more than a quarter of a billion tonnes of grain annually. With limited cultivable land, increasing production efficiency is essential.
2. What are the three major groups of activities for improving crop yields?
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Crop variety improvement, crop production improvement, and crop protection management.
3. What is hybridisation in crop improvement?
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Crossing between genetically dissimilar plants to incorporate desirable characters. It can be intervarietal, interspecific, or intergeneric.
4. What are genetically modified crops?
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Crops improved by introducing a gene that provides a desired characteristic.
5. List factors for which crop variety improvement is done.
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Higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, change in maturity duration, wider adaptability, and desirable agronomic characteristics.
6. What are macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients for plants?
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Macro-nutrients are required in large quantities (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). Micro-nutrients are required in small quantities (e.g., iron, manganese, boron).
7. What is manure and how does it help soil?
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Manure is organic matter from decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste. It enriches soil with nutrients, improves soil structure, water holding capacity, and drainage.
8. What is vermi-compost?
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Compost prepared by using earthworms to hasten decomposition of plant and animal refuse.
9. What is green manure?
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Plants like sun hemp or guar grown before sowing and mulched by ploughing into soil, enriching it with nitrogen and phosphorus.
10. What are fertilizers?
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Commercially produced plant nutrients supplying nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to ensure good vegetative growth.
11. What is organic farming?
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Farming with minimal or no use of chemicals, maximum use of organic manures, recycled farm-wastes, bio-agents, and healthy cropping systems.
12. Name the types of irrigation systems used in India.
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Wells (dug and tube), canals, river lift systems, and tanks.
13. What is mixed cropping?
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Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land, e.g., wheat + gram. Reduces risk of crop failure.
14. What is inter-cropping?
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Growing two or more crops simultaneously in a definite pattern, e.g., soyabean + maize. Ensures maximum nutrient utilisation and prevents pest spread.
15. What is crop rotation?
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Growing different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession. Allows two or three crops per year with good harvests.
16. What are weeds? Give examples.
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Unwanted plants in cultivated fields, e.g., Xanthium (gokhroo), Parthenium (gajar ghas), Cyperus rotundus (motha). They compete for food, space, and light.
17. How do insect pests attack plants?
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They cut root, stem, and leaf; suck cell sap; or bore into stem and fruits.
18. What are the preventive measures for weed control?
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Proper seed bed preparation, timely sowing, intercropping, crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, and summer ploughing.
19. What factors cause storage losses in grains?
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Biotic factors (insects, rodents, fungi, mites, bacteria) and abiotic factors (inappropriate moisture and temperature).
20. What is animal husbandry?
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Scientific management of animal livestock including feeding, breeding, and disease control.
21. What are milch animals and draught animals?
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Milch animals are milk-producing females (dairy animals). Draught animals are used for farm labour like tilling, irrigation, and carting.
22. What is the lactation period?
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The period of milk production after the birth of a calf. Milk production can be increased by increasing the lactation period.
23. Name exotic and local breeds of cattle for milk production.
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Exotic breeds: Jersey, Brown Swiss (long lactation periods). Local breeds: Red Sindhi, Sahiwal (disease resistance).
24. What are the two types of food requirements of dairy animals?
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Maintenance requirement (food for healthy life) and milk producing requirement (food during lactation).
25. What are roughage and concentrates in animal feed?
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Roughage is largely fibre. Concentrates are low in fibre and high in proteins and other nutrients.
26. What are the desirable traits for poultry breed improvement?
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Number and quality of chicks; dwarf broiler parent; summer adaptation; low maintenance; reduction in size of egg-laying bird with ability to utilise fibrous diets.
27. What are broilers and layers?
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Broilers are chickens raised for meat. Layers are chickens raised for egg production.
28. What is the ration for broilers?
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Protein-rich with adequate fat, and high levels of vitamins A and K.
29. Name two examples of kharif and rabi crops.
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Kharif: paddy, soyabean. Rabi: wheat, gram.
30. What is the significance of photoperiod in crop growth?
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Photoperiods relate to duration of sunlight, affecting growth and flowering. Plants manufacture food in sunlight via photosynthesis.
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