Chemistry Term I Exam Prep
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Chemistry Term I Exam Prep
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10 marks Long answer
Using Valence Bond Theory, explain the following in relation to the paramagnetic complex $[NiCl_4]^{2-}$: a) Type of hybridization. b) Magnetic moment value. c) Type of complex — whether inner orbital or outer orbital. Justify your answer.
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Hybridization: sp$^3$; Magnetic moment: 2.83 BM; Outer orbital complex due to d$^8$ configuration.
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10 marks Long answer
a) State Henry's law. b) Calculate the mass of the compound (molar mass = 256 g mol$^{-1}$) to be dissolved in 75 g of benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K. (Given: Kf of $C_6H_6 = 5.12 K kg mol^{-1}$)
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a) P = i * C; b) Mass = 4.8 g.
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10 marks Long answer
Illustrate the following reaction with a suitable chemical equation: a) Cannizzaro reaction. b) Give a chemical test to distinguish between benzaldehyde and acetophenone. c) How will you convert benzaldehyde into benzophenone?
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a) Cannizzaro: 2RCHO + NaOH → RCOO^-Na^+ + RCH$_2$OH; b) 2,4-DNP test; c) Friedel-Crafts acylation.
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7 marks Long answer
Give the structure and IUPAC name of the product expected from the following reaction. a) Catalytic reduction of butanal. b) Reaction of propanone with methyl magnesium bromide, followed by hydrolysis.
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Butanol and 2-methyl-2-pentanol respectively.
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7 marks Long answer
Explain the following named reactions: a) Swartz reaction b) Sandmeyer's reaction c) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
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Swartz: Halogenation of aryl halides; Sandmeyer: Aryl diazonium to aryl halide; Reimer-Tiemann: ortho-formylation of phenols.
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7 marks Long answer
Account for the following: a) Propanol has a higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon butane. b) o-Nitrophenol is more acidic than o-methoxyphenol. c) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
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Propanol forms hydrogen bonds; o-nitrophenol stabilizes negative charge; chlorobenzene's resonance reduces dipole.
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7 marks Long answer
Give equations for the following reactions: a) What happens when methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether? b) What happens when ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH? c) What happens when n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH?
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a) Wurtz reaction; b) Nucleophilic substitution to form ethanol; c) Elimination to form butene.
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7 marks Long answer
a) Write the reaction for the Williamson ether synthesis of 2-ethoxy-3-methyl pentane, starting from ethanol and 3-methylpentan-2-ol. b) Give the products of the following reaction: $C_6H_5CH_2OC_6H_5 + HI ightarrow ?$
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a) Ether formation via SN2; b) Benzyl iodide and phenol.
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5 marks Long answer
How can the following conversions be carried out? a) Propane $ ightarrow$ Propan-1-ol b) 1-Bromopropane $ ightarrow$ 2-Bromopropane
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Hydroboration-oxidation for propane; SN2 reaction for 1-bromopropane.
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5 marks Long answer
Explain why the complex ion $[Ti(H_2O)_6]^{3+}$ is coloured, based on Crystal Field Theory.
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Due to d-d transitions of electrons in the split d-orbitals.
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5 marks Long answer
How is potassium permanganate prepared commercially? Also, give the structures of chromate and dichromate ions.
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Prepared from pyrolusite; structures: $CrO_4^{2-}$ and $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$.
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5 marks Long answer
Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K$_2$SO$_4$ in 2 L of water at 25 $^\circ$C, assuming that K$_2$SO$_4$ is completely dissociated.
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Osmotic pressure = 0.0013 atm.
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5 marks Long answer
a. In 3d series, Mn exhibits highest oxidation state while in 4d and 5d, Ru and Os have highest oxidation state. What is the highest oxidation state shown among the given elements? or Although zirconium belongs to 4d transition series and hafnium to 5d transition series, even then they show similar physical and chemical properties. Give reason.
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Mn exhibits +7; Zr and Hf have similar properties due to lanthanide contraction.
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5 marks Long answer
b. Vanadium has the ability to exhibit various oxidation states. How do you explain this?
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Due to its electronic configuration and ability to lose different numbers of electrons.
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5 marks Long answer
c. Complete and balance the following equations: any one 1. $Fe^{2+} + MnO_4^{-} + H^{+} ightarrow$ 2. $MnO_4^{-} + H_2O + I^{-} ightarrow$
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1. $5Fe^{2+} + MnO_4^{-} + 8H^{+} ightarrow 5Fe^{3+} + Mn^{2+} + 4H_2O$.
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5 marks Long answer
The colligative properties of electrolytes require a slightly different approach than those for colligative properties of non-electrolytes. Electrolytes dissociate into ions in a solution. The number of solute particles that determines the colligative properties of a solution. The electrolyte solution therefore shows abnormal colligative properties. To account for this effect, we use a quantity called van't Hoff factor, given by i = (actual number of particles in a solution after dissociation) / (number of formula units initially dissolved in solution).
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Van't Hoff factor accounts for dissociation of electrolytes affecting colligative properties.
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1 marks Short answer
Assertion (A): Alcohols react both as nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reason (R): The bond between C-O is broken when alcohols react as nucleophiles.
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Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the true explanation.
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1 marks Short answer
Assertion (A): When NaCl is added to water, depression in freezing point is observed. Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in the freezing point.
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Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the true explanation.
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1 marks Short answer
Assertion (A): Separation of Zr and Hf is difficult. Reason (R): Zr and Hf lie in the same group of the periodic table.
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Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the true explanation.
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1 marks Short answer
Assertion (A): Acetaldehyde on reaction with dilute NaOH forms an aldol. Reason (R): Aldehydes and ketones having $\alpha$-hydrogen atoms undergo aldol condensation.
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Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the true explanation.
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1 marks Short answer
Which type of isomerism is shown by the complex compounds $[Co(NH_3)_5Br]SO_4$ and $[Co(NH_3)_5SO_4]Br$?
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Ionization isomerism
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1 marks Short answer
The geometry and magnetic behaviour of the complex $Ni(CO)_4$ are:
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Tetrahedral and diamagnetic
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1 marks Short answer
Which of the following characteristics of transition metals is associated with higher catalytic activity?
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Variable oxidation state
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1 marks Short answer
Lanthanide contraction is due to an increase in:
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Effective nuclear charge
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1 marks Short answer
At a certain temperature, a 5.12% solution of cane sugar is isotonic with a 0.9% solution of an unknown solute. The molar mass of the solute is:
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60 g mol$^{-1}$
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1 marks Short answer
The osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at 300 K. The concentration of the solution in mol L$^{-1}$ will be:
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0.333 mol L$^{-1}$
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1 marks Short answer
On heating phenyl methyl ether with hydrogen iodide (HI), the products formed are:
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Phenol
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1 marks Short answer
Which of the following reagents may be used to distinguish between phenol and benzoic acid?
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Aqueous NaOH
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1 marks Short answer
When salicylic acid is heated with zinc dust, the main product formed will be:
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Benzene
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1 marks Short answer
Tollens' reagent is:
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Ammoniacal silver nitrate
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1 marks Short answer
The major product formed in the dehydrohalogenation reaction of 2-bromopentane is based on:
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Saytzeff rule
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1 marks Short answer
Which of the following isomers has the highest melting point?
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1,4-Dichlorobenzene
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