Cell Structure: 20 flashcards
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1. What is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms?
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The **cell**.
2. Which part of the cell controls its activities and contains genetic material?
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The **nucleus**.
3. What is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles?
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The **cytoplasm**.
4. Which structure surrounds the cell and controls what enters and exits?
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The **cell membrane** (plasma membrane).
5. What is the function of the cell wall?
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It provides **support and protection** to the cell, and is found in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria.
6. Which organelles are known as the powerhouse of the cell?
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**Mitochondria**.
7. What is the main function of ribosomes?
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**Protein synthesis**.
8. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids?
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The **Golgi apparatus** (Golgi complex).
9. What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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It is involved in **protein synthesis** (rough ER) and **lipid synthesis** (smooth ER), and transports materials within the cell.
10. Which organelles contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris?
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**Lysosomes**.
11. What is the function of a vacuole?
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It stores **water, nutrients, and waste**; in plant cells, a large central vacuole provides turgor pressure.
12. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?
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The **chloroplast**.
13. What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
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It provides **structural support**, maintains cell shape, and aids in movement of materials and organelles.
14. Which part of the nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA)?
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The **nucleoplasm** (or nucleoid in prokaryotes) contains DNA; in eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes within the nucleus.
15. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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**Prokaryotic cells** lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; **eukaryotic cells** have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
16. Which structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
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**Cell wall**, **chloroplasts**, and a large **central vacuole**.
17. What is the function of the nucleolus?
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It is the site of **ribosome synthesis** (rRNA production and assembly).
18. What is the role of the cell membrane in transport?
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It regulates the movement of substances via **passive transport** (diffusion, osmosis) and **active transport**.
19. Which organelle is responsible for detoxification of harmful substances?
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The **smooth endoplasmic reticulum** (and peroxisomes).
20. What are plastids? Name one type.
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**Plastids** are organelles found in plant cells; examples include **chloroplasts** (photosynthesis), **chromoplasts** (pigments), and **leucoplasts** (storage).
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