Forest and Wildlife Resources · Class 10 Geography: 100 flashcards
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1. Define biodiversity.
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Hugely varied in both wild and cultivated species, differing in shape and in function, yet held together in a single system by a dense web of dependencies.
2. Why is it wrong to say human beings depend on the ecological system from outside it?
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Because we, along with all living organisms, form the web ourselves. We are only a part of it, and the dependence follows from being inside it.
3. Which three things do plants, animals and micro-organisms re-create for us?
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The air, the drinking water and the soil that grows our food — all of it kept renewed by them.
4. Why do forests play a key role in the ecological system?
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They are the primary producers; every other living thing is feeding, at some remove, off what they make.
5. How rich is India in biological diversity, and how much is still unknown?
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India is one of the world's richest countries in biological diversity, and the number of species yet to be discovered is possibly twice or thrice the number known.
6. What reason does the chapter give for flora and fauna being under great stress?
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Insensitivity to our environment.
7. Why has conservation become essential?
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Because of the rapid decline in wildlife population and forestry.
8. State the four reasons the chapter gives for conserving forests and wildlife.
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It preserves ecological diversity; it preserves our life support systems of water, air and soil; it preserves genetic diversity for better growth of species and breeding; and agriculture and fisheries depend on it.
9. Which three life support systems does the chapter name?
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Water, air and soil.
10. What does conserving genetic diversity make possible?
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Better growth of species and breeding.
11. What example from farming shows that we still depend on biodiversity?
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In agriculture we are still dependent on traditional crop varieties.
12. On what are fisheries heavily dependent?
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On the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.
13. Who demanded a national wildlife protection programme, and when?
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Conservationists, in the 1960s and 1970s.
14. Which law followed that demand, and in which year was it implemented?
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The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, implemented in 1972.
15. Does biodiversity include species grown by people?
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Yes. The definition covers wildlife and cultivated species together.
16. Why does the chapter list bacteria, lichens, banyan trees, elephants and blue whales in one sentence?
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To show the range of the web we share the planet with, from micro-organisms to the largest animals.
17. A student writes that conservation is only about protecting rare animals. What has been missed?
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Two of the four reasons are about us — the life support systems of water, air and soil, and the food from traditional crop varieties and fisheries.
18. What does the word 'interdependencies' add to the definition of biodiversity?
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It says the species are closely integrated in a system, so biodiversity is the links as well as the variety.
19. Why are flora and fauna easy to overlook, according to the chapter?
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Because they are so well integrated in our daily life that we take them for granted.
20. Give the sequence from public demand to law in one line.
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Conservationists demanded a national wildlife protection programme in the 1960s and 1970s, and the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972 with provisions for protecting habitats.
21. In which year was the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act implemented, and what did it provide for?
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In 1972. It carried a range of provisions for protecting habitat, and a list of protected species covering the whole country was published alongside.
22. What were the three actions that formed the thrust of the programme?
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By outlawing hunting, putting their habitats under legal protection, and clamping down on the wildlife trade.
23. Whose population was the programme aimed at protecting?
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The remaining population of certain endangered species.
24. What did central and many state governments establish after the Act?
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National parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
25. Name the animals for which the central government announced specific projects.
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The one-horned rhinoceros, the tiger, the hangul or Kashmir stag, and crocodiles of three kinds, the Asiatic lion and others.
26. Which three crocodiles are named?
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The fresh water crocodile, the saltwater crocodile and the Gharial.
27. Which animal is also called the hangul?
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The Kashmir stag.
28. Which four animals have most recently been given full or partial protection against hunting and trade throughout India?
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Four of them: the Indian elephant, the black buck or chinkara, the great Indian bustard or godawan, and the snow leopard.
29. Which bird in that list carries the local name godawan?
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The great Indian bustard.
30. What was added to the protected list under the notifications of 1980 and 1986?
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Several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly.
31. What happened for the first time in 1991?
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Plants were added to the list of protected species, starting with six species.
32. What shift does the chapter describe in the focus of conservation projects?
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Their aim has moved to biodiversity as a whole rather than a few of its parts, and the search for conservation methods has widened with it.
33. Why is banning hunting alone insufficient?
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Because a species can still be lost if its habitat goes, and trade in its parts keeps a payment in place for killing it. All three actions were needed together.
34. What is the difference between the protected species list and a national park?
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The list protects a named species anywhere in the country; a park or sanctuary protects a place and so covers everything living inside it.
35. What does the phrase 'full or partial' legal protection tell you?
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That protection comes in different strengths, and not every listed animal is covered to the same degree against hunting and trade.
36. Which came first — the demand for a wildlife protection programme or the Act?
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The demand. Conservationists pressed for a national wildlife protection programme in the 1960s and 1970s, and the Act was implemented in 1972.
37. How many dragonfly species were added in the 1980 and 1986 notifications?
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One.
38. Why does the addition of a dragonfly and six plants matter more than the numbers suggest?
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Because it shows conservation moving from a few famous components of biodiversity towards biodiversity itself, which is what the chapter's definition demands.
39. Which two levels of government set up national parks and wildlife sanctuaries?
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The central government and many state governments.
40. State the order in which protection widened.
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Endangered animals under the 1972 Act, then national parks, sanctuaries and projects for named animals, then insects in 1980 and 1986, then plants in 1991.
41. What did the authorities find about the tiger population in 1973?
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That only 1,827 were left, down from an estimated 55,000 at the start of the century.
42. Why is the tiger described as a key wildlife species in the faunal web?
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Because it sits at the top of the chain in its forests, so a population able to support tigers is one with everything beneath the tiger intact.
43. Name the major threats to the tiger population.
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Poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species and growing human population.
44. What is meant by depletion of prey base species?
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The loss of the animals the tiger feeds on, which starves the tiger even where no tiger has been killed.
45. What two products drove the trade that pushed the tiger to the verge of extinction?
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Tiger skins, and bones used in traditional medicines, especially in Asian countries.
46. What share of the world's surviving tigers do India and Nepal hold?
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About two-thirds.
47. Why did that share make the two countries prime targets?
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Because most of the remaining tigers were there, so poachers and illegal traders came to where the animals still were.
48. In which year was Project Tiger launched?
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1973.
49. How does the chapter describe Project Tiger's standing in the world?
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As one of the well-publicised wildlife campaigns in the world.
50. What was the second aim of tiger conservation, held to be of equal importance?
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Preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude.
51. What does a biotype of sizeable magnitude mean in practice?
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A large block of habitat of a particular kind, together with every living thing inside it.
52. Why does protecting a tiger population end up protecting a large area?
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Because a tiger needs a great deal of room, so any area able to hold a viable population must be a large intact landscape.
53. In which state is Corbett National Park?
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Uttarakhand.
54. In which state is Sunderbans National Park?
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West Bengal.
55. In which state is Bandhavgarh National Park?
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Madhya Pradesh.
56. In which state is Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary?
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Rajasthan.
57. In which state is Manas Tiger Reserve?
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Assam.
58. In which state is Periyar Tiger Reserve?
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Kerala.
59. Which two of the named reserves actually carry the words Tiger Reserve?
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Manas and Periyar. Corbett, Sunderbans and Bandhavgarh are National Parks, and Sariska is a Wildlife Sanctuary.
60. Which reserve from this topic reappears later in the chapter, and why?
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Sariska — where the villagers took on the mining companies using the Wildlife Protection Act.
61. Why does the chapter say forests are difficult to conserve even when there is a will to do so?
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Because they are rather difficult to manage, control and regulate.
62. Who owns or manages much of India's forest and wildlife resource?
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The government, through the Forest Department or other government departments.
63. What share of total forest land has been declared reserved forest?
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More than half.
64. How does the chapter describe the value of reserved forests?
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As counting for more than any other category when it comes to conserving forest and wildlife.
65. What share of the total forest area is protected forest, and who declares it?
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Almost one-third, declared by the Forest Department.
66. What is the defining phrase for protected forests?
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This forest land is protected from any further depletion.
67. Define unclassed forests.
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Whatever else there is — forest and waste ground held by government, by private owners or by communities.
68. Which two categories together are called permanent forest estates?
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Reserved and protected forests.
69. What are permanent forest estates maintained for?
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For producing timber and other forest produce, and for protective reasons.
70. Which state has the largest area under permanent forests, and what share?
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Madhya Pradesh, constituting 75 per cent of its total forest area.
71. Why is it wrong to say Madhya Pradesh holds 75 per cent of India's forests?
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Because the 75 per cent is the share of that state's own total forest area which lies under permanent forests, not a share of the country's forests.
72. Name the states with large percentages of reserved forests.
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Seven of them — Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Maharashtra.
73. Name the states with the bulk of their forest under protected forests.
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Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan.
74. Which parts of India have a very high percentage of unclassed forests?
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All North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat, where they are managed by local communities.
75. Which of the three categories is the smallest in the shares the book gives?
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The book gives no share for unclassed forests, so only two shares can be compared: reserved at more than half and protected at almost one-third.
76. What is the difference in strength between reserved and protected forests?
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Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable for conservation, while protected forests are only protected from any further depletion — a line held rather than a forest kept untouched.
77. Why does the distribution of unclassed forests matter for the rest of the chapter?
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Because they are managed by local communities across all North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat, which shows community management is already widespread before the chapter argues for it.
78. Which word inside the definition of unclassed forests is worth noticing?
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Wastelands. It shows the unclassed category covers land that is not forest as well as other forests.
79. Match: the category that counts for more than any other when forest and wildlife are being conserved.
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Reserved forests.
80. Match: whatever forest and waste ground is left over, in the hands of government, private owners or communities.
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Unclassed forests.
81. What does the chapter say about the age of conservation strategies in India?
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That they are not new in our country, and that forests also shelter a number of the traditional communities.
82. Why do communities in some areas conserve habitats along with government officials?
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Because they can see it is the only thing that will keep them in a living over the long run.
83. What did villagers at Sariska Tiger Reserve do, and how?
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They fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
84. What is the Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri'?
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1,200 hectares of forest declared protected by the inhabitants of five villages in Alwar district, Rajasthan, under their own rules that do not allow hunting.
85. How many hectares does the Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri' cover, and in which district?
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1,200 hectares, in Alwar district of Rajasthan.
86. What two things did the Chipko movement achieve?
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It successfully resisted deforestation in several areas, and it showed that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.
87. What have the Beej Bachao Andolan and Navdanya shown?
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That you can grow a varied crop in sufficient quantity without synthetic chemicals, and still make it pay.
88. Where is the Beej Bachao Andolan based?
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In Tehri.
89. Since when has joint forest management been in formal existence, and which state began it?
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Since 1988, when Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest management.
90. On what kind of land does JFM protection work mostly take place?
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On degraded forest land managed by the forest department.
91. What do JFM members receive in return for protection work?
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Intermediary benefits — non-timber forest produce, and a share in the timber harvested by successful protection.
92. Why does the word 'intermediary' matter in JFM?
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Because the benefits arrive while the forest is still recovering, not only once it has, which is what makes years of protection worth a village's while.
93. What are sacred groves?
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Virgin forests preserved in pristine form, called the forests of God and Goddesses — patches left untouched by local people, with any interference banned.
94. What premise does nature worship rest on?
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That all creations of nature have to be protected.
95. Which trees do the Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur worship?
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Mahua and kadamba.
96. Which trees do the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship, and on what occasion?
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Tamarind and mango, during weddings.
97. Which animals are found around many temples, treated as part of the devotees?
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Troops of macaques and langurs, which are fed daily.
98. Which animals live unharmed in and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan?
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Herds of blackbuck, nilgai and peacocks.
99. State the chapter's clear lesson about local communities.
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That managing natural resources has to involve local communities wherever you are — even though those communities are still nowhere near the centre of how decisions get made.
100. Which three conditions must an economic or developmental activity meet?
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It must be people centric, environment-friendly and economically rewarding.
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