Manufacturing Industries · Class 10 Geography: 100 flashcards
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1. What is manufacturing?
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Production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.
2. In which sector do manufacturing industries fall?
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The secondary sector.
3. How is the economic strength of a country measured, according to the chapter?
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By the development of its manufacturing industries.
4. Give two ways manufacturing helps agriculture and farm families.
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It modernises agriculture and reduces dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
5. What was the philosophy behind public and joint sector industries?
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That industrial development is a precondition for eradicating unemployment and poverty, and for reducing regional disparities through industries in tribal and backward areas.
6. How do exports of manufactured goods help a country?
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They expand trade and commerce and bring in foreign exchange.
7. What do agro-industries sell to farmers?
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Pumps for irrigation; fertiliser, insecticide and pesticide; plastic and PVC piping; machines and tools.
8. Why is self-sufficiency not enough in a globalised world?
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Because nothing competes abroad unless it matches the quality of what is already on the international market.
9. Name four agro-based industries.
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Any four of cotton, woollen, jute and silk textiles, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible oil.
10. Name four mineral-based industries.
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Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
11. What are basic or key industries? Give an example.
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Industries that supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods, such as iron and steel.
12. What are consumer industries?
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Industries producing goods for direct use by consumers, such as sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines and fans.
13. How is a small scale industry defined?
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By the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit — at present rupees one crore.
14. Give two examples of public sector industries.
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BHEL and SAIL.
15. Give three examples of private sector industries.
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TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd and Dabur Industries.
16. What is a joint sector industry? Give an example.
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One run jointly by the state and individuals or groups, such as Oil India Ltd.
17. What is a cooperative sector industry?
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One owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both, who pool resources and share profits or losses proportionately.
18. Give two examples of cooperative industries.
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The sugar industry in Maharashtra and the coir industry in Kerala.
19. Distinguish heavy from light industries.
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Heavy industries such as iron and steel use heavy raw materials and make heavy goods; light industries such as electrical goods use light raw materials and make light goods.
20. What three scales of industry did Harish see in the Diwali market?
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Large industries (shoes, clothes, sugar), small industries (some utensils) and household industry (diyas by artisans).
21. Name the agro-based industries listed in the chapter.
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Cotton, jute, silk and woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil.
22. Why does the textile industry hold a unique position in the Indian economy?
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It contributes significantly to industrial production, employment and foreign exchange, and is the only industry self-reliant and complete in the value chain.
23. List the stages of value addition in the textile industry.
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Fibre production, spinning, weaving or knitting, dyeing and finishing, and garment manufacture.
24. Why did traditional cotton industries suffer in the colonial period?
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They could not compete with mill-made cloth from England.
25. Where and when was the first successful textile mill established?
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In Mumbai, in 1854.
26. Why did cotton textiles first concentrate in Maharashtra and Gujarat?
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Raw cotton, market, transport including port facilities, labour and a moist climate.
27. Where is spinning centralised?
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In Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
28. Why is weaving decentralised?
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To provide scope for traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari and embroidery.
29. Why does Indian weaving supply low quality fabric?
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Because most of the good yarn the country spins goes unused by it.
30. What does handspun khadi provide?
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Work for a great many weavers in their own houses, run as a cottage industry.
31. What is India's position in jute?
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Largest producer of raw jute and jute goods, and second exporter after Bangladesh.
32. Where and when was the first jute mill set up?
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At Rishra, near Kolkata, in 1855.
33. What happened to jute at Partition?
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The mills stayed in India, but three-fourths of the jute-producing area went to Bangladesh.
34. Give four reasons for the location of jute mills in the Hugli basin.
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Any four of: nearness to jute areas, cheap water transport, good rail, road and waterway links, abundant water for processing, cheap labour, and Kolkata's banking, insurance and port.
35. What is India's position in sugar, gur and khandsari?
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Second in the world in sugar, first in gur and khandsari.
36. Why must sugar mills be near cane fields?
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Sugarcane is bulky and its sucrose content falls during haulage.
37. Which two states have sixty per cent of sugar mills?
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Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
38. Why is the sugar industry suited to the cooperative sector?
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Because it is seasonal in nature.
39. Why are sugar mills shifting south and west?
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Cane there has higher sucrose, the cooler climate gives a longer crushing season, and cooperatives are more successful.
40. Name the five prescribed cotton textile centres and their states.
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Mumbai (Maharashtra), Surat (Gujarat), Indore (Madhya Pradesh), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu).
41. What are mineral-based industries?
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Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials.
42. Why is iron and steel called the basic industry?
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Because every other industry, heavy, medium or light, gets its machinery from it.
43. Name four uses of steel.
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Engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic and scientific equipment, and consumer goods.
44. What is often regarded as the index of a country's development?
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Production and consumption of steel.
45. Why is iron and steel a heavy industry?
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All its raw materials and finished goods are heavy and bulky, entailing heavy transport costs.
46. What are the raw materials of steel, and in what ratio?
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Iron ore, coking coal and limestone, in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.
47. Why is manganese added to steel?
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To harden the steel.
48. What happens in the blast furnace?
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Iron ore is melted, coke is burnt to heat it, limestone is added as a flux, and slag is removed.
49. What is the role of limestone in the blast furnace?
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It is the fluxing material.
50. What is the role of coke in the blast furnace?
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It is burnt to heat the ore.
51. What is pig iron?
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Molten material from the blast furnace poured into moulds called pigs.
52. How is pig iron turned into steel?
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It is further purified by melting and oxidising the impurities, and manganese, nickel and chromium are added.
53. How is steel shaped?
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By rolling, pressing, casting and forging.
54. Which region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries?
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The Chhotanagpur plateau region.
55. Give the four advantages of the Chhotanagpur plateau for steel.
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Cheap iron ore, good raw material close at hand, low labour costs, and a home market with enormous room to grow.
56. What two things must be balanced in locating a steel plant?
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Nearness to heavy, bulky raw materials, and an efficient transport network to reach markets and consumers.
57. Name the six prescribed iron and steel plants.
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Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Vijayanagar and Salem.
58. Which two prescribed steel plants are in Jharkhand?
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Bokaro and Jamshedpur.
59. Which prescribed steel plants are in the south, and in which states?
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Vijayanagar in Karnataka and Salem in Tamil Nadu.
60. Which public sector steel plant lies in Chhattisgarh?
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Bhilai.
61. What is the second most important metallurgical industry in India?
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Aluminium smelting.
62. Give four properties of aluminium.
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Light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable, and strong when mixed with other metals.
63. Which metals does aluminium substitute for?
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Steel, copper, zinc and lead.
64. How much bauxite and alumina make one tonne of aluminium?
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4 to 6 tonnes of bauxite give 2 tonnes of alumina, which give 1 tonne of aluminium.
65. What are the two prime factors for the location of aluminium smelting?
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Electricity it can rely on, and a guaranteed source of raw material at minimum cost.
66. Name the states with aluminium smelting plants.
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Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
67. Name four inorganic chemicals.
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Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda.
68. What are organic chemicals used for, and where are their plants?
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Petrochemicals for synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyes, drugs and pharmaceuticals; plants are near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
69. Why is the chemical industry called its own largest consumer?
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Because basic chemicals are processed to produce other chemicals.
70. Name the types of fertiliser the industry produces.
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Nitrogenous (mainly urea), phosphatic, ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers with N, P and K.
71. Why is potash entirely imported?
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Because India has no reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds.
72. Which five states produce about half of India's fertilisers?
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Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala.
73. What are the raw materials and other needs of the cement industry?
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Limestone, silica and gypsum, plus coal, electric power and rail transport.
74. Where and when was India's first cement plant set up?
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In Chennai, in 1904.
75. What advantage do Gujarat's cement plants have?
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Suitable access to markets in the Gulf countries.
76. What stimulated the growth of the automobile industry?
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Liberalisation, which brought new and contemporary models that stimulated demand.
77. Which city is the electronic capital of India?
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Bengaluru.
78. What has been the major impact of the IT and electronics industry?
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Employment generation.
79. What is the key to the success of IT in India?
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Continuing growth in hardware and software.
80. Name the eight prescribed software technology parks.
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Noida, Gandhinagar, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram.
81. Name the four types of pollution caused by industries.
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Air, water, land and noise.
82. Which undesirable gases cause air pollution?
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Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
83. Name four sources of industrial smoke.
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Chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and factories ignoring pollution norms.
84. What does air pollution harm?
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Human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
85. Which event does the chapter recall as an example of a hazardous toxic gas leak?
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The Bhopal gas tragedy.
86. Name the main industries causing water pollution.
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Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating.
87. What do water-polluting industries release?
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Dyes and detergents, acids and salts, and heavy metals such as lead and mercury — among other things.
88. What are the major solid wastes in India?
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Fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags.
89. What is thermal pollution of water?
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Hot water from factories and thermal plants drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
90. What harm do wastes from nuclear facilities cause?
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Cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
91. Why are soil and water pollution closely related?
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Rain water percolates through polluted soil and carries the pollutants to ground water.
92. What are the effects of noise pollution?
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Irritation and anger, hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and stress.
93. How much fresh water does one litre of industrial waste water pollute?
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Eight times its quantity.
94. Give three ways to reduce industrial pollution of fresh water.
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Reuse and recycle water in successive stages, harvest rainwater, and treat hot water and effluents before release.
95. What is primary treatment of effluents?
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Mechanical treatment: screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
96. What are secondary and tertiary treatment?
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Secondary is a biological process; tertiary uses biological, chemical and physical processes, including recycling of waste water.
97. Name four devices fitted to smoke stacks to reduce particulate matter.
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Electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
98. How can factories reduce smoke from their fuel?
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By using oil or gas instead of coal.
99. How can noise pollution be reduced?
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By fitting silencers to generators, redesigning machinery, using noise-absorbing material and wearing earplugs and earphones.
100. What certification does NTPC hold, and name two of its environmental practices.
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ISO 14001 for its Environment Management System; practices include maximising ash utilisation, green belts, ash water recycling and ecological monitoring.
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