Development · Class 10 Economics: 100 flashcards
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1. What does development involve thinking about?
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What we essentially need, whether life can be better for all, how people should live together, whether there can be more equality, and how to work towards these goals.
2. Why do different persons have different notions of development?
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Mainly because their life situations are different.
3. What are the developmental goals of landless rural labourers?
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More days of work and better wages, a local school giving quality education, no social discrimination, and a chance to become village leaders.
4. What are the developmental goals of prosperous farmers from Punjab?
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A high family income through higher support prices and hardworking, cheap labourers, and children settled abroad.
5. What does a girl from a rich urban family seek?
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As much freedom as her brother, the freedom to decide what to do in life, and to study abroad.
6. Give an example of conflicting developmental goals.
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Industrialists may want more dams for electricity, while people displaced by them, such as tribals, may prefer small check dams or tanks.
7. What two things are clear about developmental goals?
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Different persons can have different developmental goals, and what is development for one may not be development for another — it may even be destructive.
8. What is the one goal common to most people in Table 1.1?
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More income — regular work, better wages and decent prices for what they produce.
9. Name four goals other than income that people seek.
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Equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others.
10. Why can non-income goals be more important than income?
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Because material goods are not all we need to live; quality of life also depends on non-material things.
11. Is what cannot be measured unimportant?
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No. The chapter says it would be a mistake to think that whatever cannot be measured does not matter.
12. Name three factors apart from income you would consider before taking a job far away.
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Facilities for your family, the working atmosphere and the opportunity to learn.
13. Why might someone prefer a lower-paid job?
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Because it offers regular employment, which increases the sense of security.
14. How does paid work affect women?
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It raises their dignity in the household and in society.
15. What happens when there is respect for women?
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There is more sharing of housework and greater acceptance of women working outside.
16. How does a safe and secure environment help women?
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More women become able to take on work of many kinds, or to run a business of their own.
17. Why might the brother of a girl who wants equal freedom be unhappy?
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Because she also expects him to share in the household work, which he may not like.
18. Why may tribals displaced by a large dam resent it?
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Because it submerges their land and disrupts their lives, while the benefit goes to others.
19. Do 'people have different goals' and 'people have conflicting goals' mean the same?
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No. Different goals can coexist; conflicting goals clash, so one person's development harms another.
20. Why do ideas of national development differ?
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Because individuals seek different, sometimes conflicting goals, so their notions of the country's development also differ.
21. What questions does national development raise?
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Whether all ideas are equally important, how to decide if they conflict, what a fair and just path for all would be, and whether an idea benefits many or only a few.
22. Why is income considered one of the most important attributes for comparing countries?
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Because more income is understood to mean more of all the things human beings need.
23. Why is total income not a useful measure for comparing countries?
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Because countries have different populations, so total income does not show what an average person earns.
24. How is average income calculated?
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Total income of the country divided by its total population.
25. What is another name for average income?
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Per capita income.
26. Which organisation classifies countries by per capita income, and in which report?
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The World Bank, in its World Development Reports.
27. What per capita income makes a country high income, as the book states for 2024?
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USD 66,500 per annum and above.
28. What per capita income makes a country low income, as the book states?
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About USD 2,300 or less.
29. In which category does India fall, and what was its per capita income in 2024 according to the book?
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Low middle income, at about USD 11,000 per annum.
30. Which rich countries are not generally called developed?
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The countries of the Middle East and certain other small countries.
31. What is the average monthly income in Countries A and B of Table 1.2?
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Rs 10,000 in both.
32. Why would most people prefer to live in Country A?
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Because its income is equitably distributed: no one is very rich or extremely poor.
33. What is the main limitation of averages?
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They hide disparities — they do not show how income is distributed among people.
34. If a country's average income rises, are all sections necessarily better off?
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No. The gains may go to a few while many stay poor.
35. Four families average Rs 5,000; three earn Rs 4,000, Rs 7,000 and Rs 3,000. What does the fourth earn?
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Rs 6,000.
36. What does the criterion for comparison depend on?
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The purpose of the comparison.
37. What happened in Abidjan in the chapter's Activity 1?
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500 tonnes of toxic waste were dumped; seven people died, twenty were in hospital and twenty-six thousand were treated for poisoning.
38. What does 'equitable distribution' mean?
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Income spread fairly evenly, so that people are neither very rich nor extremely poor.
39. Give two limitations of using per capita income as the only criterion of development.
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It hides how income is distributed, and it ignores non-income goals and public facilities such as health and education.
40. Why do we use averages at all?
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Because they make comparison possible between groups of different sizes.
41. What were the per capita incomes of Haryana, Kerala and Bihar in 2023–24?
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Haryana Rs 3,25,759; Kerala Rs 2,81,001; Bihar Rs 60,337.
42. By per capita income alone, which of the three states is most developed?
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Haryana.
43. What is the Infant Mortality Rate?
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The number of children who die before the age of one year, as a proportion of 1,000 live births in that year.
44. What were the IMRs of Haryana, Kerala and Bihar in 2020?
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Haryana 28, Kerala 6, Bihar 27 per 1,000 live births.
45. What does the literacy rate measure?
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The proportion of literate people in the population aged 7 and above.
46. What is the net attendance ratio?
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Children aged 15–17 attending school as a percentage of all children in that age group.
47. Which state has the highest literacy rate and attendance in Table 1.4?
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Kerala, with 94 on both.
48. Roughly what share of Bihar's children aged 15–17 are not attending secondary school?
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About one-third.
49. Why can a state with higher income lag in health and education?
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Because money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services needed to live well; many depend on public facilities.
50. Name three things money normally cannot buy, according to the chapter.
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A pollution-free environment, unadulterated medicines and protection from infectious diseases (unless the whole community acts).
51. Why are many goods and services best provided collectively?
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Because collective provision is often the best and cheapest way, as with security for a whole locality or government schools.
52. Why does Kerala have a low infant mortality rate?
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Because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
53. What is the PDS, and why does it matter?
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The Public Distribution System of ration shops; where it works well, people's health and nutritional status are likely to be better.
54. What share of rural people used a ration shop in Tamil Nadu and in West Bengal, in the chapter's study?
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90 per cent in Tamil Nadu, 35 per cent in West Bengal.
55. What is the rural literacy rate for males and females in Uttar Pradesh (Table 1.5)?
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76 per cent for males and 54 per cent for females.
56. What percentage of rural boys and girls aged 10–14 in UP are not attending school?
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15 per cent of boys and 18 per cent of girls.
57. What is the illiteracy rate among rural 10–14 year olds in UP?
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10 per cent for males and 13 per cent for females.
58. By when was free and compulsory education for all children up to 14 expected?
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By 1960.
59. Is per capita income a useless criterion because Kerala does better than Haryana?
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No. Income is important but inadequate alone; it should be used with health and education indicators.
60. Besides money spent, what else affects how good health and educational facilities are?
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How well they are run, how widely people use them, their reach to all areas and groups, and whether society demands them.
61. Who publishes the Human Development Report?
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The UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).
62. On what basis does the Human Development Report compare countries?
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How educated people are, how healthy they are, and how much income there is a head.
63. How does the UNDP's criterion differ from the World Bank's?
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The World Bank uses per capita income alone; the UNDP uses education, health and per capita income together.
64. Why is the word 'human' added to development in the report's title?
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To make clear that what matters in development is what happens to the citizens of a country — their health and well-being.
65. What were India's figures in Table 1.6?
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GNI per capita 9,047 PPP dollars, life expectancy 72 years, mean years of schooling 6.9, HDI rank 130.
66. Which neighbour tops every column of Table 1.6?
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Sri Lanka.
67. What are Sri Lanka's figures in Table 1.6?
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12,616 PPP dollars, life expectancy 77.5, 10.8 years of schooling, HDI rank 89.
68. Which neighbour has lower income than India but higher life expectancy?
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Bangladesh — 74.7 years against India's 72.
69. Out of how many countries are HDI ranks given in Table 1.6?
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193.
70. What does life expectancy at birth mean?
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How long a person can expect to live, measured from the day they are born.
71. Why is per capita income given in PPP dollars?
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So a dollar buys the same quantity of goods and services wherever it is spent, which is what makes the incomes comparable.
72. Which country has the lowest HDI rank in Table 1.6?
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Pakistan, at 168.
73. Which country has the lowest life expectancy in Table 1.6?
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Myanmar, at 66.9 years.
74. Which country has the lowest per capita income in Table 1.6?
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Nepal, at 4,726 PPP dollars.
75. How is BMI calculated?
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Weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in metres.
76. What BMI marks an adult as undernourished?
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Below 18.5.
77. What is the BMI of a person weighing 50 kg and 1.6 m tall?
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About 19.5 (50 ÷ 2.56).
78. What share of Indian adults had below-normal BMI in 2019–21?
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About one-fifth: 20 per cent of men and 23 per cent of women.
79. Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
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Kerala is far better: 8.5% of men and 10% of women have below-normal BMI, against 28% of both in Madhya Pradesh.
80. Which neighbouring country performs better than India in human development?
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Sri Lanka.
81. What does sustainability of development mean?
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Keeping development at its present level or raising it for future generations, without exhausting or degrading the resources it depends on.
82. Since when have scientists warned that present development is not sustainable?
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Since the second half of the twentieth century.
83. What are renewable resources? Give examples.
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Resources replenished by nature, such as groundwater, crops and plants.
84. Can a renewable resource be overused? How?
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Yes — for example, by using more groundwater than is being replenished by rain.
85. What are non-renewable resources? Give an example.
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Resources with a fixed stock on earth that cannot be replenished and will be exhausted after years of use, such as crude oil.
86. How many districts have seen groundwater levels fall by over 4 metres in 20 years?
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About 300 districts.
87. What share of the country overuses groundwater, and what may happen in 25 years?
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Nearly one-third now; about 60 per cent in another 25 years if present use continues.
88. Where is groundwater overuse especially found?
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In Punjab and western UP, the hard rock plateaus of central and south India, some coastal areas and fast-growing cities.
89. What were the Middle East's crude oil reserves in 2017, and how long would they last?
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836 thousand million barrels, lasting 70 years.
90. How long would the USA's oil reserves last at present rates, according to Table 1.7?
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About 10.5 years.
91. What were the world's crude oil reserves in 2017, and how long would they last?
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1,732 thousand million barrels, lasting about 47 years at present rates.
92. Why is rising oil prices a problem for India?
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Because India imports oil, lacking enough stocks of its own, so higher prices burden everyone.
93. How do countries with low oil reserves, like the USA, try to secure oil?
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Through military or economic power.
94. Do new oil discoveries make oil a renewable resource?
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No. They add to the known stock, but the total is fixed and will be exhausted over time.
95. Why is sustainability not just a national issue?
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Because the consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; our future is linked together.
96. Who works together in the new field of sustainability?
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Scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists.
97. What does the quotation 'We have not inherited the world from our forefathers' conclude?
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That we have borrowed it from our children — so we must pass it on in good condition.
98. What does the 'needs versus greed' statement in the exercises suggest about development?
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That the Earth can meet everyone's needs but not unlimited greed, so development must use resources with restraint.
99. What does the 'years' column in Table 1.7 show?
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How many years the reserves will last if extraction continues at the present rate.
100. Name two present sources of energy in India and two possible future ones.
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Present: coal and petroleum (also firewood, gas, hydel). Future: solar, wind, and other renewable sources.
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