Gaseous Exchange, Electricity & Pathogenic Diseases: 22 flashcards
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1. Where does gaseous exchange take place in humans?
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In the **alveoli** of the lungs.
2. Trace the path of air from outside to the exchange surface.
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Nose/mouth → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
3. Name three features of alveoli that make exchange efficient.
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Walls one cell thick, rich capillary network, and a very large surface area.
4. Which process moves oxygen from alveoli into blood?
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**Diffusion** — from higher to lower concentration.
5. What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
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It **contracts and flattens**, increasing chest volume and lowering pressure so air rushes in.
6. What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?
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It **relaxes and domes upward**, decreasing chest volume so air is pushed out.
7. How is most oxygen carried in the blood?
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Bound to **haemoglobin** in red blood cells as **oxyhaemoglobin**.
8. How is most carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
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Mainly as **bicarbonate** in the plasma, then exhaled at the lungs.
9. State the difference between breathing and respiration.
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**Breathing** is the physical movement of air; **respiration** is the chemical release of energy in cells.
10. What is electricity?
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The flow of **electric charge**, usually electrons, through a conductor.
11. What are the SI units of current and potential difference?
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Current in **amperes (A)**; potential difference in **volts (V)**.
12. State Ohm's law.
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$$V = I \times R$$ — voltage equals current times resistance.
13. What is the unit of resistance?
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The **ohm** ($\Omega$).
14. In a series circuit, how do current and voltage behave?
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Current is the **same everywhere**; voltage is **shared** across components.
15. In a parallel circuit, how do current and voltage behave?
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Voltage is the **same across each branch**; current **splits** between branches.
16. Why is household wiring done in parallel?
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So one faulty appliance does not switch off the rest of the circuit.
17. What is a pathogen?
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A disease-causing organism — **bacteria, virus, fungus, or protozoan**.
18. What is a pathogenic disease?
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A **communicable** disease caused by a pathogen and spread from person to person or via vectors.
19. List four ways pathogens spread.
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Air (droplets), water, food, direct contact, and vectors like mosquitoes.
20. Name the body's first-line defences against pathogens.
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**Skin**, **mucus**, and **cilia** in the airways.
21. How does vaccination protect you?
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It **trains the immune system in advance** so it can respond quickly to a real infection.
22. Give three ways to prevent pathogenic disease.
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Handwashing, clean drinking water and safe food, and vector control (nets, removing stagnant water).
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