Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: 35 flashcards
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1. What are the three structural descriptors of a typical angiosperm anther?
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Bilobed, dithecous and tetrasporangiate.
2. In which view is the bilobed nature of the anther most distinct?
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Transverse section (T.S.).
3. Name the four wall layers of a microsporangium from outside to inside.
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Epidermis → endothecium → middle layers → tapetum.
4. Which microsporangium wall layer nourishes the developing pollen grains?
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Tapetum.
5. Which wall layer lies between the endothecium and the tapetum?
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Middle layers.
6. Is the sporogenous tissue of the microsporangium haploid or diploid?
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Diploid (2n).
7. Which cell is capable of giving rise to a microspore tetrad?
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The microspore mother cell (MMC).
8. What is microsporogenesis?
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The process in which a diploid microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores forming a tetrad.
9. What surrounds the microspore tetrad?
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A callose wall.
10. How many pollen grains are produced from one microspore mother cell?
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Four pollen grains.
11. How many pollen grains are produced from 10 microspore mother cells?
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40 pollen grains.
12. What is the pollen grain in terms of the plant life cycle?
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The male gametophyte.
13. What does the mature male gametophyte produce?
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Two sperms and a vegetative cell.
14. Which division forms the two male gametes from the generative cell?
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Mitotic division.
15. What is the pollen exine made of?
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Sporopollenin.
16. Why is sporopollenin important for fossil preservation?
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It resists enzyme action and environmental extremes, so pollen is preserved as fossils.
17. What is the typical size range of pollen grains?
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25–50 µm in diameter.
18. At which stage are over 60% of angiosperm pollen grains shed?
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The 2-celled stage.
19. What does pollen viability mean?
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The ability of pollen to initiate fertilization.
20. At what temperature is pollen stored in liquid nitrogen for long-term use?
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−196 °C.
21. Name the three parts of the gynoecium.
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Stigma, style and ovary.
22. What is double fertilisation?
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Syngamy plus triple fusion, unique to angiosperms.
23. What does syngamy produce?
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A diploid zygote (2n).
24. What does triple fusion produce?
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A triploid primary endosperm nucleus (3n).
25. How many haploid nuclei are involved in triple fusion?
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Three haploid nuclei.
26. What is free-nuclear endosperm?
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Endosperm formed by successive nuclear divisions without cell wall formation.
27. Give a classic example of free-nuclear endosperm.
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Coconut water.
28. In which seeds does the endosperm persist in the mature seed?
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Coconut and castor.
29. What is the main objective of pollination?
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Reproduction.
30. What does autogamy require?
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Synchronous release of pollen and stigma receptivity.
31. State the correct sequence of artificial hybridisation in bisexual flowers.
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Emasculation → bagging → cross pollination → rebagging.
32. Why is emasculation not relevant in dioecious plants?
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The female flower has no anthers, so there is nothing to remove.
33. In which plant are diadelphous stamens found?
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Pea.
34. To what is the proximal end of the filament attached?
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The thalamus or petal.
35. What is the function of the endothecium?
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It helps in anther dehiscence.
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