Reproduction: How Life Continues: 24 flashcards
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1. What is reproduction?
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The biological process by which living beings produce new individuals of their own kind.
2. What is asexual reproduction?
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Reproduction in which a single parent produces offspring that are almost exact copies of the parent.
3. What is sexual reproduction?
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Reproduction involving two parents, where offspring inherit a mix of characteristics from both.
4. What is vegetative propagation?
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A form of asexual reproduction in which new plants arise from the vegetative (growing) parts of a plant.
5. Name two plants with fleshy underground stems that sprout new plants without seeds.
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Potato and ginger.
6. Which plant's leaves sprout tiny plantlets that grow into new plants?
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Bryophyllum.
7. What is cutting as a method of vegetative propagation?
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A shoot cutting is inserted into soil mixed with compost at an angle of about 45–60° from the soil surface.
8. What is grafting?
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A stem piece of Plant B is fitted into a slit made on Plant A, and the joint is protected until it heals.
9. What is layering?
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The middle part of a flexible twig is buried under the soil; roots develop in 10–15 days, then the twig is cut from the parent.
10. What is tissue culture?
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A method that uses the shoot tip (apical meristem) to mass-produce healthy plantlets; it is an example of asexual reproduction in plants.
11. What is budding?
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The process in which a bud forms on the parent body and separates from it to live independently.
12. How does budding occur in yeast?
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Small round outgrowths called buds emerge from the parent yeast cell.
13. How does budding occur in hydra?
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Repeated cell division at a specific site on the parent body produces a bud that enlarges and separates from the parent.
14. What are spores?
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Lightweight, usually single-celled reproductive structures produced in huge numbers that float through air currents and germinate into new individuals.
15. Where are spores formed in Rhizopus?
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Inside a round sac at the tip of thread-like hyphae.
16. Where are spores formed in Aspergillus?
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On a swollen vesicle on a long strip of fungal hyphae.
17. What did Louis Pasteur prove?
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That new life always comes from pre-existing life.
18. What is mitosis?
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A type of cell division that produces two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
19. Why are asexual offspring called clones?
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Because mitosis produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
20. What conditions do mould spores need to grow on bread?
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Warmth and moisture, around 25–35°C.
21. Why does refrigerating food prevent spoilage?
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Lower temperatures slow or stop the reproduction of moulds and bacteria.
22. How do fungi benefit society?
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They degrade organic wastes and pollutants, help remove heavy metals from industrial wastes, and are the source of antibiotics like penicillin and amoxicillin.
23. Why do most complex animals and flowering plants use sexual reproduction?
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Because the mixing of characteristics creates variation that helps living beings adapt to changing environments and can give rise to new species.
24. What is the main advantage of asexual reproduction?
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It is fast and helps organisms increase their population quickly when conditions are favourable.
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