Colonial Rural India: 18 flashcards
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1. Who introduced the Permanent Settlement and in which year?
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Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
2. Under the Permanent Settlement, what share of land revenue went to the East India Company and what to the Zamindars?
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10/11 to the East India Company, 1/11 to the Zamindars.
3. Name the three regions where the Permanent Settlement was introduced.
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Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.
4. Who introduced the Ryotwari System and in which year?
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Thomas Munro in 1820.
5. In the Ryotwari System, who was responsible for paying land revenue?
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The individual cultivator (ryot) directly to the state.
6. How was the land revenue fixed in the Ryotwari System?
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It depended on soil fertility and could be increased.
7. Who introduced the Mahalwari System and in which year?
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Holt Mackenzie in 1822.
8. In the Mahalwari System, who was responsible for paying tax?
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The village (or group of villages) collectively.
9. Name the regions where the Mahalwari System was introduced.
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Gangetic Valley, North-West Province, Central India, and Punjab.
10. What does 'commercialisation of agriculture' mean in the colonial context?
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Peasants were forced to grow cash crops for sale in the market instead of food crops.
11. List the cash crops mentioned in the source that peasants were forced to grow.
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Sugar, pepper, indigo, cotton, raw silk, opium, and tea.
12. What was the impact of commercialisation of agriculture on India?
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It led to famines.
13. How did colonial forest policies affect tribal life?
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They reserved forests, destroying tribal livelihoods; tribals were not allowed to hunt, live, graze, or cut trees, and were made labourers.
14. Name the tribal revolt that took place in Chotanagpur from 1831 to 1900.
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The Munda revolt.
15. Which tribal community revolted in Assam in 1829?
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The Khasis.
16. Which tribal community revolted in Manipur from 1829 to 1850?
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The Kukis.
17. Which tribal community revolted in Orissa in 1846?
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The Khonds.
18. Which tribal community revolted in Uttarakhand and West Bengal in 1855-1856?
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The Santhals.
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