Heredity
Why puppies never become kittens
↳ Traits travel down generations by DNA.
📚 Chapter Learning Kit
Heredity · Class 10 Science
English 3 topics 162 leveled MCQs 66 flashcards 4 games Free
Shared by a Veda teacher · Generated with Veda AI
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Variation Accumulates
Each generation adds its own
Offspring inherit their parents' variations AND add new ones (copying errors, gene mixing). Generation after generation, differences pile up — the raw material of both family diversity and evolution.
↳ Inherited + new = accumulating variation.
Mendel's Method
The monk who counted 28,000 plants
Gregor Mendel's revolution was counting: crossing pea plants and tallying every offspring type. Numbers revealed the invisible rules that descriptions had missed — earning him the title 'father of genetics'.
↳ Quantify inheritance, and its laws surface.
Two Traits at Once
The sharper question
Do different traits travel together or separately? Mendel's dihybrid cross tracked seed SHAPE (Round dominant over wrinkled) and seed COLOUR (Yellow dominant over green) simultaneously — and answered it with one ratio.
↳ Track two traits, and inheritance shows its independence.
P and F1
Both dominants take the stage
↳ F1 uniform in the double-dominant look.
F2 = 9:3:3:1
The four-way split
↳ Nine, three, three, one — with two brand-new classes.
📖 Smart notes
What you'll study, topic by topic
1
Heredity, Variation and Mendel's Monohybrid Cross
Why offspring resemble but don't duplicate their parents, why Mendel's pea garden changed biology forever, and the monohybrid cross that revealed dominant and recessive traits and the famous 3:1 ratio.
- HEREDITY: the transmission of traits (characteristics) from parents to offspring — the reason children resemble their families.
- Reproduction creates similarity AND variation: DNA copying passes traits on; its small errors — plus sexual gene-mixing — create differences...
- Selection note: which variations spread depends on survival and reproduction — but variation arises first, blindly.
~35 min · full explanation, examples & memory tricks in the app
2
The Dihybrid Cross and the Machinery of Inheritance
Two traits tracked at once — the 9:3:3:1 ratio and what its new combinations prove — then the machinery underneath: genes on chromosomes, how a gene becomes a trait through proteins, and how both parents contribute equal...
- DIHYBRID CROSS: Mendel tracked TWO traits together — seed shape (Round R dominant over wrinkled r) and seed colour (Yellow Y dominant over g...
- P: RRYY (round-yellow) × rryy (wrinkled-green) → F1 ALL round-yellow (RrYy) — both dominants express.
- F1 × F1 → F2 shows FOUR phenotypes: 9 round-yellow : 3 round-green : 3 wrinkled-yellow : 1 wrinkled-green.
~35 min · full explanation, examples & memory tricks in the app
3
Sex Determination: The XY Coin Toss
How a child's sex is decided — the one mismatched chromosome pair, why every egg carries X while sperm split X/Y, the perfect 50:50 arithmetic, other species' strategies, and the social myths this biology demolishes.
- Humans have 23 chromosome pairs. 22 pairs are perfectly MATCHED in both sexes; the 23rd — the SEX CHROMOSOMES — differs: women carry XX (a m...
- Gamete arithmetic: since a gamete takes one chromosome per pair — WOMEN (XX) give every egg an X. MEN (XY) make sperm of two kinds in equal...
- Fertilisation outcomes: egg (X) + X-sperm → XX → GIRL. Egg (X) + Y-sperm → XY → BOY. Both events are equally likely — a genuine 50:50 coin t...
~30 min · full explanation, examples & memory tricks in the app
❓ Leveled MCQ practice
Try the smart MCQs from this kit
162 questions laddered from warm-up to topper-level, each with an explanation. A taste:
Consider these statements about heredity and variation. I. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. II. It is why children resemble their parents. III. Variation arises from copying errors and from the mixing of two parents' DNA. IV. Reproduction produces similarity only, never difference. Which statements are correct?
Advanced
A I, II and III only
B I and IV only
C II and IV only
D All four
Show answer & explanation
I, II and III only
Reproduction does both at once. Children resemble their parents and are not identical to them, and the same process accounts for both facts.
Which feature of the garden pea was essential to Mendel's method and could not have been replaced?
Advanced
A it grows well in the soil of central Europe
B it produces a large number of seeds in each pod
C it has clearly contrasting forms of each trait, with no intermediates to argue about
D its flowers are attractive and easy to find in a garden
Show answer & explanation
it has clearly contrasting forms of each trait, with no intermediates to argue about
Tall or short, round or wrinkled, with nothing in between — that is what makes counting possible. A trait that varied continuously would have hidden the ratios entirely.
Which statement best explains why Mendel succeeded where earlier plant breeders had not?
Advanced
A he had better microscopes than anyone before him
B he was the first person to cross-pollinate plants deliberately
C he followed one trait at a time and COUNTED the offspring across generations, so the numerical ratios became visible
D he worked with a plant that nobody had studied before
Show answer & explanation
he followed one trait at a time and COUNTED the offspring across generations, so the numerical ratios became visible
People had been crossing plants for centuries. Treating the results as numbers to be tallied, rather than impressions to be described, is what turned breeding into genetics.
Assertion (A): Mendel's ratios only became clear because he counted hundreds of offspring rather than a handful. Reason (R): Inheritance works by chance at each fertilisation, so the expected proportions emerge only over large numbers.
Advanced
A Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C A is true but R is false
D A is false but R is true
Show answer & explanation
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Four offspring from a Tt × Tt cross need not be three tall and one short. Four hundred will come close to it, which is why the sample size was the experiment.
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