Chromosome Kit: 17 flashcards
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1. What are chromosomes and where are they located?
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Chromosomes are darkly stained small bodies present in the nucleus that determine the mechanism of inheritance.
2. Who suggested in 1902 that chromosomes are the physical structures acting as messengers of heredity?
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W.S. Sutton and T. Boveri
3. During which phase of cell division are chromosomes most clearly seen after specific staining?
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Metaphase of mitotic cell division
4. What is the typical chromosome number in a human somatic cell?
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46 chromosomes, consisting of 23 different pairs.
5. What are sex chromosomes and how many pairs are present in humans?
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Sex chromosomes determine the sex of an individual. In humans, there is one pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females, XY in males).
6. What is the process that reduces the chromosome number by half during gamete formation?
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Meiosis
7. Define diploid and haploid chromosome numbers.
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Diploid (2n) means two sets of chromosomes (one maternal, one paternal). Haploid (n) means a single set of chromosomes, as found in gametes.
8. What is a genome?
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A haploid set of chromosomes is called a genome.
9. What are homologous chromosomes?
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Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes where one comes from the mother and one from the father. They have the same genes but may have different alleles.
10. What is polyploidy?
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Polyploidy is the condition where more than two sets of chromosomes occur in cells.
11. What are the two types of chromatin based on staining?
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Euchromatin (stains lightly, contains genes) and heterochromatin (stains darkly, genetically inert, maintains structural integrity).
12. What are telomeres and centromeres?
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Telomeres are stable ends of chromosomes that maintain integrity. Centromeres are constrictions where spindle microtubules attach during cell division.
13. Classify chromosomes based on centromere position.
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Metacentric (centromere at center), Sub-metacentric (near center), Sub-telocentric (sub-terminal), Acrocentric/Telocentric (at terminal end).
14. Which chromosome type is most common in fish species?
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Acrocentric or telocentric chromosomes (centromere at the terminal end).
15. What is the role of heterochromatin?
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Heterochromatin is genetically inert, maintains structural integrity of the chromosome, and may regulate gene expression.
16. How does fertilization restore the diploid number?
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Fertilization combines two haploid gametes (egg and sperm) to form a diploid zygote, restoring the species' diploid chromosome number.
17. What are autosomes?
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Autosomes are all chromosome pairs other than the sex chromosomes.
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