Temperature and Its Measurement: 40 flashcards
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1. What is temperature?
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A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a body.
2. What is heat?
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Energy transferred between bodies due to a temperature difference; SI unit is the joule (J).
3. What is a thermometric property?
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A physical property that changes predictably with temperature, such as the volume of mercury or the resistance of a thermistor.
4. Name the three common temperature scales.
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Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K).
5. What is the ice point on all three scales?
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$0\,^\circ\text{C} = 32\,^\circ\text{F} = 273.15\,\text{K}$.
6. What is the steam point on all three scales?
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$100\,^\circ\text{C} = 212\,^\circ\text{F} = 373.15\,\text{K}$.
7. What is absolute zero?
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$0\,\text{K} = -273.15\,^\circ\text{C}$, the lowest possible temperature where particle motion is minimum.
8. State the temperature conversion formula.
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$\frac{C}{5} = \frac{F-32}{9} = \frac{K-273.15}{5}$.
9. What is the range of a clinical thermometer?
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About $35\,^\circ\text{C}$ to $42\,^\circ\text{C}$.
10. Why does a clinical thermometer have a kink?
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To prevent mercury from flowing back into the bulb, so the reading is held until shaken down.
11. What is thermal equilibrium?
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The state when two bodies in contact reach the same temperature.
12. State the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
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If A is in equilibrium with B and B with C, then A is in equilibrium with C.
13. What is specific heat capacity?
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The heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K.
14. What is the specific heat capacity of water?
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About $4200\,\text{J kg}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$.
15. Name the three modes of heat transfer.
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Conduction, convection, and radiation.
16. What is conduction?
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Heat transfer through direct contact, mainly in solids.
17. What is convection?
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Heat transfer involving the actual movement of heated fluid.
18. What is radiation?
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Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves that needs no medium.
19. What is normal human body temperature?
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$37\,^\circ\text{C} = 98.6\,^\circ\text{F} \approx 310\,\text{K}$.
20. How does a digital thermometer work?
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It uses a thermistor whose electrical resistance varies with temperature.
21. How does an infrared thermometer work?
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It measures emitted radiation without touching the object.
22. Why does metal feel colder than wood at the same temperature?
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Metal conducts heat away from the hand faster than wood does.
23. How does a thermos flask reduce heat loss?
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It uses a vacuum between double walls to reduce conduction and convection.
24. What is the formula for heat energy?
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$Q = mc\Delta T$, where $m$ is mass, $c$ is specific heat capacity, and $\Delta T$ is temperature change.
25. Why must a thermometer be calibrated?
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To ensure accurate readings using fixed points such as the ice point and steam point.
26. What is heat capacity?
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The heat needed to raise the temperature of an object by 1 K; $C' = mc$.
27. How does heat flow spontaneously between bodies?
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Heat always flows from a hotter body to a colder body until thermal equilibrium.
28. Convert $0\,^\circ\text{C}$ to Kelvin.
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$0\,^\circ\text{C} = 273.15\,\text{K}$.
29. Convert $100\,^\circ\text{C}$ to Fahrenheit.
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$100\,^\circ\text{C} = 212\,^\circ\text{F}$.
30. What is the SI unit of temperature?
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The kelvin (K).
31. What is the SI unit of heat?
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The joule (J).
32. Why is water used as a coolant?
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It has a very high specific heat capacity ($4200\,\text{J kg}^{-1}\text{K}^{-1}$), so it absorbs a lot of heat with little temperature rise.
33. Why do coastal cities have milder climates than inland ones?
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Water's high specific heat capacity moderates temperature changes near the coast.
34. What is the difference between heat and temperature?
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Heat is energy transferred (joules); temperature is a measure of hotness (°C, °F, or K).
35. Can two objects at the same temperature have different heat energies?
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Yes, because heat energy also depends on mass and the material.
36. What happens to particle motion at absolute zero?
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Particle motion is minimum — it is the lowest possible temperature.
37. What is the range of a laboratory thermometer?
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Typically $-10\,^\circ\text{C}$ to $110\,^\circ\text{C}$.
38. Why can't you use a clinical thermometer to measure boiling water?
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Its narrow range (about $35\,^\circ\text{C}$ to $42\,^\circ\text{C}$) would be exceeded and it could break.
39. What is the relation between Celsius and Kelvin?
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$K = C + 273.15$.
40. What is the relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit?
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$\frac{C}{5} = \frac{F-32}{9}$.
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