Gender, Religion and Caste · Class 10 Political Science: 224 MCQs with answers

fetching water, collecting fuel and working in the fields

These are rural examples in NCERT. Urban examples include office work and employment in other households.

54 per cent

The companion figure for men is 76%. These textbook figures illustrate a historical gap, not current literacy.

One-third

This made a fair proportion legally binding in local bodies, which is the device the chapter describes as the solution.

Large scale urbanisation

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

unequal responsibilities and opportunities assigned according to gender

The concept concerns unequal expectations attached to gender. Physical differences do not make those assignments inevitable.

widespread gender hierarchy whose political significance is often overlooked

Familiar domestic arrangements can conceal a hierarchy; the chapter brings that hierarchy into the study of power.

assigned to women, who perform the tasks or supervise helpers

The second half matters: a woman who supervises a domestic helper is still inside the same system, since the responsibility has not moved.

Most women combine some earning with responsibilities for domestic work

The chapter describes a combined contribution of earning and domestic labour whose value is frequently overlooked.

Six

The source is the 1998–99 six-state survey. Adding the first two rows gives 7:40 for women and 6:30 for men.

Women record 7:40 of daily work while men record 6:30

The women’s total exceeds the men’s by 70 minutes. Much of that work is domestic and does not appear in earnings.

Unequal domestic responsibility limits women’s opportunities for public participation

Household responsibilities and public opportunities are connected, although they are not the only factors shaping participation.

Vote, seek elected office and participate fully in public affairs

These exclusions are why agitations in different countries demanded the extension of voting rights to women.

The exclusion of men from public office

The campaigns sought equality, including political rights and opportunities in education, work and family life.

a supporter of gender equality in rights and opportunities, whether male or female

Feminism concerns a commitment to equality; that commitment is not restricted to female supporters.

an improvement in women's role in public life

Women now work in occupations earlier not considered suitable for them, which is the evidence the chapter offers.

Scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and university teachers

NCERT uses these careers to illustrate progress in challenging older expectations about suitable work for women.

The Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland

Sweden, Norway and Finland are the specific examples in the textbook account.

a social structure giving men greater authority and status than women

The term describes an unequal social structure. Its literal meaning is rule by father.

Sexual division of labour — assigning domestic responsibility to women, including supervision of helpers

The first two options swap the definitions of patriarchy and feminist, which is a common confusion.

There were agitations in different countries demanding it

Campaigns in several countries demanded women’s suffrage as part of a broader struggle for equality.

The way boys and girls are brought up to believe it

Children learn expectations from their upbringing. Repeated messages can make a social arrangement seem inevitable.

Because men receive greater authority and status within its social arrangements

The term identifies unequal authority and status. The chapter recognises progress while explaining why inequalities persist.

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Any five points. 1 mark — boys and girls are brought up to believe housework and child-rearing are women's main responsibility. 1 mark — the definition of the sexual division of labour, including work organised through domestic helpers. 1 mark — it is not about ability: when such jobs are paid, men take them up; most t…

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Any five points. 1 mark — the division tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable. 1 mark — it rests not on biology but on what society expects and on stereotypes. 1 mark — the paid-work evidence: men take up such jobs when they are paid; most tailors and hotel cooks are men. 1 mark — women do work outside the…

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Any five points. 1 mark — women organised and agitated for equal rights, including the extension of voting rights. 1 mark — the demands: political and legal status, and educational and career opportunities. 1 mark — radical movements aimed at equality in personal and family life; these are feminist movements. 1 mark —…

Girls match boys’ school performance and sometimes achieve better results

The chapter highlights unequal opportunity despite strong results; lower participation is not proof of lower ability.

Seventy minutes more

Women total 460 minutes and men 390 minutes; subtraction gives 70 minutes.

equal wages should be paid to equal work

Its existence shows the problem was recognised in 1976; it does not show that the problem was solved.

girls aged 0–6 for each 1,000 boys in that age group

This is a population measure for young children, distinct from the ratio at birth.

919

The figure is 919 girls for every 1,000 boys aged 0–6; retain the historical date.

The text expresses particular concern about women’s safety in urban settings

This concern does not provide a numerical ranking of all cities against all villages.

Less than 5 per cent

The textbook gives below 5%. Keep that historical claim distinct from an updated count.

They remain largely all-male

A leader’s gender does not by itself determine the composition of the wider cabinet.

Reservation of at least one-third of seats

A bill with this proposal was pending before Parliament for many decades before the Act of 2023.

2023

The law was passed in 2023. Enactment should not be confused with implementation of reserved seats.

33 per cent

The 14.36 per cent figure is the share women had actually reached in the Lok Sabha in 2019, which is a different thing.

A legal bar on women contesting elections

There is no such bar; the difficulty is that very few women are elected, which is what the reservation addresses.

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Any five explained disadvantages, 1 mark each: unequal educational access; restricted access to highly rewarded work; inadequate recognition of domestic labour; wage discrimination; son preference and sex selection; harassment or violence; limited political influence. Credit accurate dated examples. Do not require unsu…

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Any five explained points, 1 mark each: neglected concerns; demand for decision-making power; increased elected participation; guarantee through reserved seats; dated representation evidence; local reservation and textbook count; 2023 provision with enactment distinct from implementation. Credit other relevant points.

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Any five explained points, 1 mark each: unequal treatment becomes a public issue; organised campaigns for rights; improved access to education or careers; stronger public participation; local reservation; 2023 legislative provision; qualified conclusion that democratic demands can benefit disadvantaged groups. Credit o…

Religious differences frequently enter political debate, while gender hierarchy is often overlooked

The distinction concerns how differences enter public debate. Religion’s presence is not by itself proof of communalism.

Rights organisations asking authorities to protect minorities from religious violence

Protection against violence supports equal security. The other options seek religious privilege or exclusion.

can treat women unfairly and should be reformed to secure equality

The demand concerns fair treatment of women across communities, rather than privilege for one faith.

religion is the principal basis of social community

It is a claim about identity before it is a programme, and everything else in communal thinking follows from it.

followers of different faiths cannot share equal national citizenship

The extreme argument presents domination or separate nations as alternatives to equal national membership.

majoritarian dominance

NCERT also discusses a separate political unit as a possible minority expression, not an inevitable demand by every minority.

gives official status to one religion

India’s constitutional framework does not establish an official faith.

Giving one religion a special constitutional status

Official religious preference conflicts with the secular framework described in the chapter.

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Any five explained points, 1 mark each: exclusion or dominance; religion treated as the main social identity; supposed uniformity within a faith; assumed conflict across faiths; extreme rejection of equal citizenship; multiple identities and interests; suppression of internal disagreement. Credit other relevant points…

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Any five explained points, 1 mark each: routine prejudice and stereotypes; claims of superiority; pursuit of dominance; possible majority/minority forms; identity-based mobilisation and its instruments; violent conflict; distinction between common prejudice and the ugliest manifestation. Credit other relevant points.

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Any five explained points, 1 mark each: no official religion; religious freedom and non-belief; protection against discrimination; action for equality within communities; equal citizenship as a foundation; challenging everyday prejudice; resisting exclusionary campaigning. Credit other relevant points.

Inequality together with a division of labour in which occupations pass between generations

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Practise the same or similar occupation, marry within the group, and not eat with other caste groups

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

the exclusion of and discrimination against the outcaste groups

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

a new generation takes up occupations other than those practised by their ancestors

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

It outlawed discrimination by caste and opened the way for policies meant to undo what the system had done

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

That most people still marry within their own caste or tribe

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

still follows the old hierarchy, with upper castes best off and Dalits and Adivasis worst off

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Upper castes are heavily over-represented among the rich while lower castes are severely under-represented

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

From an official Schedule in which the names of the hundreds of castes and tribes are listed

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Groups that often lived apart in forest and hill regions

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Caste hierarchy — a ladder-like formation placing caste groups from highest to lowest

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

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Any five points. 1 mark — caste is an extreme form of the inequality and division of labour found in all societies. 1 mark — the distinguishing feature: hereditary occupational division sanctioned by rituals. 1 mark — the rules: same or similar occupation, marriage within the group, not eating with other groups. 1 mark…

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Any five points. 1 mark — most people still marry within their own caste or tribe. 1 mark — untouchability has not ended completely despite constitutional prohibition. 1 mark — groups with access to education under the old system have done well in acquiring modern education; those denied it have lagged behind. 1 mark —…

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Any five points. 1 mark — caste regulates access to resources of various kinds. 1 mark — untouchable castes denied the right to own land; only twice born castes had the right to education. 1 mark — that explicit inequality is now outlawed and the Constitution prohibits caste-based discrimination. 1 mark — the effects o…

Nominate candidates from different castes to muster the support needed to win

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

That governments often include representatives from several castes and tribes

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

Leaders must seek support from a wider electorate and organise those voters politically

Universal adult franchise and one-person-one-vote require leaders to seek support from groups previously denied equal political influence. Voting rights do not erase social differences, but they change the incentives of political organisers.

Attachment to political parties is often stronger than attachment to caste or community

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

the caste that gets politicised

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

It can give excluded groups a route to demand representation and resources

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

Because recognising that people created an expectation makes it open to challenge and change

Social expectations can be debated and changed. Treating them as inevitable can discourage that debate.

That men perform similar tasks in occupations which pay wages

Male hotel cooks and tailors possess skills also used at home. This challenges an explanation based on male inability.

men are willing to do such work once it is paid

The comparison challenges a stereotype about who should perform domestic tasks, rather than showing a difference in ability.

Because a larger part of men’s recorded work produces earnings

The table records much more domestic time for women. Such necessary work is easily overlooked because it usually has no wage.

How much work is done when unpaid work is counted as work

Counting time reveals exactly what counting money conceals, which is why the survey settles an argument wages cannot.

I, II and III

I, II and III are correct. Time spent talking is almost identical at 1:25 for men and 1:20 for women, so the difference does not lie in conversation.

A person who believes women should have more rights than men

The definition specifies equal rights and opportunities for women and men, so a claim to greater rights for either falls outside it.

Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

Both are true, and closely related, but the classification itself is what the assertion already states; the reason has to say why that supports reform, and this does not.

That men are ready to take up such work once it is paid

The example shows that a man can possess a domestic skill while treating its unpaid use at home as someone else’s duty.

That household work is unpaid and therefore treated as invisible

Her description reflects a failure to recognise unpaid domestic labour, rather than an absence of useful activity.

Unequal household duties can restrict women’s time and opportunities for political activity

The chapter links an unequal domestic burden with limited public participation; it does not treat these as unrelated observations.

I, II and III

I, II and III are correct. Statement IV contradicts the chapter's central claim that the division is not based on biology.

Because authority within families raises questions about power and inequality

The exchange between two characters in the chapter is its own justification for treating the private sphere as a political matter.

Talking and gossip

Conversation differs by five minutes. The combined sleep, self-care and reading category differs by 75 minutes, but individual activities within it are not separately measured.

The visibility and recognition of the work she already does

The work already happens; what payment would alter is that it would cease to be unpaid and invisible.

That disadvantaged groups benefit when a division is raised as a political issue

Gender is given as the example of a division that needed to be expressed in politics, and the gains women made followed from that expression.

Most women combine some earning with responsibilities for domestic work

The textbook’s examples span agriculture, domestic employment and office jobs. Work at home can remain poorly recognised alongside these activities.

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Families give priority to sons when funding further education

Unequal spending can restrict daughters’ opportunities even when their academic results are strong.

Discrimination in payment persisted even when the work performed was the same

The chapter’s examples span several occupations; the legal requirement did not eliminate unequal treatment.

That a statute can forbid something without ending it

The textbook contrasts a legal requirement with persistent discrimination. This does not justify saying that the law had no effect.

Son preference expressed through sex-selective abortion

Here the study supplies evidence of the mechanism. A child sex ratio alone would not establish it.

Its value is below 875, but the colour does not give an exact number

A map band supplies a range. Do not infer an exact figure below 800 from this legend.

Women may experience abuse and harassment within their own households too

Private settings do not automatically protect a person from violence.

Because they linked neglected concerns with women’s limited influence over decisions

The demand seeks access to power so women can help shape public priorities.

I, II and III

I, II and III are correct. The chapter notes that cabinets remain largely all-male but does not propose reservation for them.

14.36 per cent, for the first time in 2019

The 33 per cent figure belongs to the 2023 Act, and 11.8 per cent is India's position on the international chart.

India is at 11.8%, below the world average of 24%

The chart compares the same date; India’s value is less than half the world average.

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

The composition of a whole institution matters alongside the identity of its leader.

Over 10 lakh women held elected positions in local bodies in its account

This illustrates greater access to positions; it does not prove that every barrier to influence disappeared.

No, the Act covers the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies and also the Delhi Assembly

The Delhi Assembly is named separately in the provision, so a complete answer lists all three bodies.

Because campaigns against unequal treatment can help disadvantaged groups influence decisions

The example concerns democratic demands for equality and participation.

There are 790 girls per 1,000 boys aged 0–6; the causes need separate evidence

The number describes a population ratio. It does not by itself establish the cause of the imbalance.

Because the text describes unequal payment continuing alongside the legal requirement

A rule and its implementation are separate questions; persistent discrimination does not show that the rule had no effect at all.

I, II and III

I, II and III are correct. The Act covers the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies and the Delhi Assembly, not cabinets.

Because it illustrates how a guaranteed share can increase women’s access to elected institutions

The textbook uses its local-government example to discuss the demand for wider legislative representation.

That issues related to women's well being begin to receive more attention

The whole argument rests on the claim that women's problems will not get proper attention until women hold power, so attention to those problems is the test.

Both claims fail: the table records a longer female workload, and identical-work discrimination is a separate issue

The table includes unpaid domestic time. Payment for identical work cannot be justified by assuming a lower total workload from that table.

919 — girl children per thousand boys

919 is the 2011 child sex ratio. Distinguish the 2019 Lok Sabha share from the reservation provision and the separate local-government count.

Making the case that expressing a social division in politics can benefit the disadvantaged

It is rhetorical, and it is why gender serves as the chapter's positive case: some form of social division needs to be expressed in politics.

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Ethical principles shared across faiths, rather than official preference for one religion

The argument concerns moral guidance across faiths, rather than a state organised around one religion.

As long as they treat every religion equally

The test is not whether religion enters politics but whether all religions are treated alike when it does.

That family rules can be reformed to secure equal treatment within communities

NCERT allows action against inequality and uses the women’s movement’s demands to illustrate this principle.

religion is seen as the basis of the nation

Defining national belonging through one faith can exclude people of other religions from equal standing.

Values drawn from religions informing political ethics

Moral guidance across faiths differs from using religion to establish dominance or hostility.

Extreme communal thinking that rejects equal citizenship across different faiths

This rejects the possibility of equal citizenship and dismisses interests people can share across faiths.

irrelevant or trivial for community life

A claim of uniform interests can silence members who disagree. Shared faith does not eliminate other identities.

Because shared faith does not erase differences in people’s interests, circumstances and opinions

Occupation, economic circumstances and gender can shape different interests among people sharing a religion.

That enforcing a single supposed political interest can silence members who disagree

Political uniformity can conceal genuine disagreement and deny members a voice.

Routine stereotypes about other faiths and assumptions of religious superiority

Familiarity can make a stereotype go unquestioned; the book does not limit communalism to dramatic events.

That two opposite demands can share a single root

Both may arise from seeking communal dominance. The chapter describes possibilities, not automatic behaviour determined only by group size.

All four — religious symbols and leaders alongside emotional pressure and fear

The scenario combines symbolic authority with emotional pressure and fear of another group.

most ugly form

The most common form is everyday beliefs, so an answer that defines communalism by violence misses its most common expression.

Because everyday prejudice also counts, so violence describes only one destructive manifestation

The chapter distinguishes routine prejudice from violent conflict rather than treating violence as the whole definition.

A secular framework that addresses communalism’s challenge to equal citizenship

The secular framework protects equal standing across religions and responds to the danger of communal dominance.

That India differs in giving no religion a special status at all

The comparison concerns the special standing of religions in the named examples, unlike India’s lack of an official faith.

Yes, religious freedom includes the choice to follow no faith

The secular framework protects non-belief as well as religious choice.

To ensure equality within religious communities

NCERT uses the prohibition of untouchability as an example of action against inequality within a community.

Because secularism permits action against discrimination as well as protection of religious freedom

Religious freedom and action against discriminatory practices support the same commitment to equal standing.

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Constitutional safeguards need public support against ordinary prejudice and exclusionary political mobilisation.

Because it undermines the country’s shared framework of equal citizenship

Equal citizenship across faiths is a constitutional foundation, not merely one party’s preference.

Political mobilisation on religious lines

The appeal uses religious authority and fear of another community to consolidate electoral support.

The most common expression of communalism, which often goes unnoticed

Routine stereotyping is part of the chapter’s account of communalism even without party membership or organised campaigning.

It fits the chapter’s equality principle, since the hypothetical reform treats communities fairly

The hypothetical reform seeks equal treatment, illustrating the chapter’s distinction between religious privilege and action against inequality.

I, II and III

I, II and III are correct. Violence is the most ugly form, not the most common one, and keeping those two words apart is the point.

Because enforcing a supposedly uniform political interest silences members who disagree

Members retain different interests and a right to express disagreement despite a shared religious identity.

Quest for political dominance — a minority community seeking a separate political unit

The book discusses separation as one possible form of a minority quest for dominance, rather than an inevitable preference.

Hindus 79.8 per cent and Muslims 14.2 per cent

The 2011 chart also records Christians at 2.3% and Sikhs at 1.7%. These are historical shares, not current estimates.

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Because occupations pass down in most societies, so inheritance alone distinguishes nothing

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

A breaking down of the old notions of caste hierarchy

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

That the groups are ranked, being placed from the highest to the lowest

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

They show the chapter is describing a partial change rather than claiming the practice has ended

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

That caste groups with access to education under the old system have done well in acquiring modern education, while those denied it have lagged behind

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Because the caste groups with an education under the old system have done very well at gaining a modern one

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

The right to own land from the so-called untouchable castes, and the right to education from all but the so-called twice born castes

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

The two claims answer different questions — one about whether exceptions exist, the other about where averages and proportions fall

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

It was very rare to find rich people among the lowest castes even twenty or thirty years ago

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Every caste has some poor members, but the proportion in extreme poverty is much higher for the lowest castes

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

A is false but R is true

The link survives the law, so the assertion is false. The reason explains why.

16.6 per cent and 8.6 per cent

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Because the Census does not yet count them, so their proportion has to be estimated

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

About two-thirds of the country and about three-fourths of the Hindu population

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

That untouchability has been completely eliminated

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Because it regulates access to resources of various kinds

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

I, II and III

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Formal equality removed the rule but not what the rule built

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

That average economic status still follows the old hierarchy even though every caste has some rich members

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

That new kinds of inequalities have also developed alongside the persisting effects of the old ones

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

That silence would not make caste disappear, and domination should be discussed wherever it exists

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

Because together they are about two-thirds of the country, so the groups the old order placed low are most of the population

The chapter supports a qualified conclusion: caste changed in important ways, while inherited practices and unequal access continue to shape social and economic outcomes.

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Casteism, which the chapter says is not borne out by our experience

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

Both treat one identity as the sole basis of social community

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

Because the other two are parties using caste, while this is the vote itself changing what lower castes could expect

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

Because no parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of one single caste

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

That a substantial share of voters from the caste supports that party

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

That some voters have more than one candidate of their caste and many have none, so caste alone cannot decide the vote

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

That the ruling party and sitting MPs or MLAs frequently lose elections

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

I, II and III

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

Because people within the same caste have different interests depending on their economic condition

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

How people judge the government's record and how popular its leaders are, which is often decisive

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

A caste group trying to become bigger, which is one way politics influences caste

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

Enter into dialogue and negotiation with other castes or communities

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

The appearance of new kinds of caste groups in the political arena, such as backward and forward caste groups

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.

None of them leaves caste as politics found it

Caste can influence political strategy, but the chapter also identifies other interests, changing preferences and the limits of caste-only politics.