Grammar · Class 10 English · Words and Expressions: 100 flashcards
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1. How is the present perfect formed?
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has or have + the past participle, as in 'She has written'.
2. Which time words can never be used with the present perfect?
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Finished times such as yesterday, last week, in 2019, ago and when I was young.
3. When do you use 'for' with a perfect tense?
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With a length of time: for two days, for a decade, for ages.
4. When do you use 'since' with a perfect tense?
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With a starting point: since Monday, since 2020, since I joined.
5. What does the past perfect show?
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The earlier of two past actions: 'The film had started when we arrived.'
6. Which tense describes a longer past action interrupted by a shorter one?
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The past continuous, as in 'We were eating when the lights went out.'
7. How is the future perfect formed, and which word often signals it?
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will have + past participle; it is usually signalled by 'by' + a future time.
8. What tense follows 'when', 'as soon as' or 'if' for a future idea?
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The present tense: 'I will tell him when he arrives.'
9. Give three stative verbs that are not normally used in continuous forms.
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Any three of know, believe, understand, own, belong, prefer, contain, seem.
10. Which form expresses a prediction based on present evidence?
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be going to: 'Watch out, that glass is going to fall.'
11. Which tense do timetables and schedules use even for the future?
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The present simple: 'The train departs at 9.40.'
12. What is the present perfect continuous used for?
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An activity that began in the past and is still going on, stressing its duration: 'He has been studying since dawn.'
13. Correct this: 'Did she finished the essay?'
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Did she finish the essay? After did, use the base form.
14. How is the future continuous formed?
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will be + the -ing form: 'At noon I will be travelling.'
15. Why is 'I had gone to Jaipur last year' usually wrong?
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Only one past event is mentioned, so the simple past 'I went' is needed; the past perfect needs a later past event to compare with.
16. Which tense states a habit?
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The present simple: 'She reads the newspaper every morning.'
17. What happens to a universal truth after a past reporting verb?
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It stays in the present tense: 'He said that the earth is round.'
18. What is the past perfect continuous used for?
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An activity that had been going on for some time before a past moment: 'They had been walking for hours when it began to snow.'
19. Which is correct: 'He has come yesterday' or 'He came yesterday'?
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He came yesterday.
20. What is the third form (past participle) of 'write', 'go' and 'break'?
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written, gone, broken.
21. What form of the verb follows a modal?
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The base form without to, as in 'can swim' or 'must go'.
22. Which core modal is followed by 'to'?
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Ought, as in 'You ought to apologise'.
23. What does 'mustn't' express?
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Prohibition: the action is not allowed.
24. What does 'needn't' express?
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Absence of necessity: the action is not required but is allowed.
25. What is the past form used for both 'must' and 'have to'?
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had to, as in 'We had to leave early'.
26. How do you express future ability?
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will be able to, as in 'She will be able to join us'.
27. Which modal is used for a formal request for permission?
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May, as in 'May I come in?'
28. Which modals express possibility?
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may, might and could, with might usually less certain.
29. What does 'must' mean in 'He must be at school by now'?
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A confident deduction that it is true, not an obligation.
30. Which modal shows a confident deduction that something is NOT true?
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can't, as in 'That can't be right'.
31. What does 'should have + past participle' express?
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Regret or criticism about something that did not happen, as in 'I should have called'.
32. What does 'needn't have + past participle' mean?
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The action was done, but it was not necessary.
33. Which modal is used for offers with I and we?
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Shall, as in 'Shall I open the door?'
34. Name two functions of 'would'.
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Any two of: polite requests, past habits, the past of will in reported speech, and conditionals.
35. Correct: 'He needs not come tomorrow.'
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He need not come tomorrow, or He does not need to come tomorrow.
36. What is the difference between 'could have won' and 'must have won'?
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Could have won means winning was possible but did not happen; must have won is a confident guess that it did happen.
37. What does 'had better' express?
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Strong advice, often with a warning, about the present or future.
38. Which is stronger advice: 'should' or 'had better'?
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Had better, because it suggests a bad result if the advice is ignored.
39. Which form replaces 'can' in the present perfect?
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has or have been able to, as in 'He has been able to walk since June'.
40. What does 'may' express in 'May God bless you'?
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A wish or blessing.
41. What is subject-verb concord?
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The rule that a verb must agree with its subject in number: singular with singular, plural with plural.
42. Does 'along with' change the number of the subject?
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No. 'The coach, along with the players, is here.'
43. Which verb goes with 'The box of pens': is or are?
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Is, because the subject is 'box'.
44. What verb do two subjects joined by 'and' usually take?
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A plural verb: 'Asha and Leela are friends.'
45. When do two nouns joined by 'and' take a singular verb?
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When they form one idea or refer to one person: 'Bread and butter is ready'; 'The poet and painter has arrived.'
46. What decides the verb after 'neither/nor'?
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The subject nearer to the verb.
47. Which verb goes with 'each' and 'every'?
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A singular verb.
48. Is 'One of my friends live in Delhi' correct?
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No. The subject is 'one', so it should be 'lives'.
49. What is the difference between 'the number of' and 'a number of'?
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'The number of' is singular (the total); 'a number of' is plural (several).
50. Name four uncountable nouns that take singular verbs.
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Any four of news, information, advice, furniture, luggage, equipment, knowledge, progress.
51. Which verb does 'Mathematics' take?
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A singular verb: 'Mathematics is my strength.'
52. Which verb does 'police' take?
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A plural verb: 'The police are here.'
53. Which is correct: 'A pair of shoes is' or 'A pair of shoes are'?
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A pair of shoes is.
54. When does a collective noun take a plural verb?
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When the members act separately or disagree: 'The jury are divided.'
55. Which verb goes with 'Fifty rupees' seen as one sum?
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A singular verb: 'Fifty rupees is enough.'
56. Which verb goes with 'everybody'?
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A singular verb: 'Everybody knows the answer.'
57. Correct: 'There is many reasons for this.'
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There are many reasons for this. The subject 'reasons' comes after the verb.
58. Which verb goes with 'The United Nations'?
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A singular verb, because it names one organisation.
59. Correct: 'The committee has submitted their report.'
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The committee has submitted its report, keeping the singular verb and pronoun together.
60. Which verb follows 'Not only the students but also the teacher'?
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A singular verb, agreeing with the nearer subject 'teacher'.
61. What is reported speech?
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Passing on what someone said in our own sentence, without quotation marks and with changes to verb, tense, pronouns and time words.
62. What is the difference between 'say' and 'tell' in reported speech?
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Tell must be followed by the listener (told me); say is not, or takes to (said to me).
63. What does 'is' become after a past reporting verb?
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was.
64. What does the present perfect become in reported speech?
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The past perfect: has done becomes had done.
65. What do 'will', 'can' and 'may' become in reported speech?
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would, could and might.
66. Name two situations in which the tense does not change.
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Any two of: a present reporting verb, a universal truth, the modals would, could, should, might, ought to, or a fact still true (optional).
67. How are yes/no questions reported?
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With asked + if or whether + subject + verb, without a question mark.
68. How are wh-questions reported?
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With asked + the question word + subject + verb, dropping do, does and did.
69. How is a command reported?
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With told or ordered + listener + to + base verb.
70. How is a negative command reported?
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With not to + base verb: 'He told me not to shout.'
71. What happens to 'please' in a reported request?
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It is dropped, and a verb like requested shows the politeness.
72. How are suggestions with 'Let's' reported?
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suggested that + subject + should + verb, or suggested + -ing.
73. What does 'yesterday' become in reported speech?
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the previous day or the day before.
74. What does 'here' become in reported speech?
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there.
75. What do 'this' and 'these' become?
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that and those.
76. Correct: 'She asked me what time is it.'
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She asked me what time it was.
77. Correct: 'He said me to stand outside.'
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He told me to stand outside.
78. Which reporting verb suits a promise?
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promised, as in 'He promised to call.'
79. What does 'must' become in reported speech?
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It stays must or becomes had to.
80. Is a question mark used after a reported question?
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No. A reported question ends with a full stop.
81. What is a determiner?
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A word before a noun that shows which one, whose, or how much or how many, such as the, this, my or some.
82. How do you choose between 'a' and 'an'?
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By the first sound of the next word: an before a vowel sound, a before a consonant sound.
83. Why is it 'an hour' but 'a house'?
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The h in hour is silent, so the word begins with a vowel sound; house begins with an h sound.
84. Why is it 'a university'?
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University begins with a consonant 'yu' sound.
85. Name three kinds of proper nouns that take 'the'.
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Any three of rivers, seas and oceans, mountain ranges, deserts, and some countries such as the Netherlands.
86. When is no article used before a noun?
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Before most names, languages, subjects, meals in general, and plural or uncountable nouns used generally.
87. Which demonstratives go with plural nouns?
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these and those.
88. What is the difference between 'its' and 'it's'?
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Its is possessive (belonging to it); it's means it is or it has.
89. Which quantifiers go only with countable nouns?
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many, few, a few, several, a number of, fewer.
90. Which quantifiers go only with uncountable nouns?
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much, little, a little, a great deal of, less.
91. What does 'few' suggest?
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Hardly any; a negative idea.
92. What does 'a few' suggest?
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Some; a small but positive number.
93. When is 'some' used in a question?
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In offers and requests: 'Would you like some tea?'
94. Which is correct: 'fewer mistakes' or 'less mistakes'?
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fewer mistakes, because mistakes are countable.
95. What is the difference between 'each' and 'every'?
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Each sees members one by one and can refer to two; every sees the whole group and needs three or more. Both take singular nouns.
96. What does 'neither' mean?
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Not one and not the other of two.
97. How is an editing answer written?
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The wrong word and its correction, side by side.
98. How is an omission answer written?
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The word before the gap, the missing word, and the word after it.
99. Name four common sources of errors in editing passages.
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Any four of concord, tense, articles, prepositions, pronouns, word form and spelling.
100. Correct: 'He gave me an useful advice.'
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He gave me a useful piece of advice, or some useful advice.
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