The Making of a Global World · Class 10 History: 58 flashcards
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1. What do we usually mean by 'globalisation' today?
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An economic system that has emerged over roughly the last 50 years — though the making of the global world has a much longer history.
2. Why did people travel vast distances in pre-modern times?
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For knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
3. What did pre-modern travellers carry with them?
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Goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases.
4. Which trade link existed as early as 3000 BCE?
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Coastal trade between the Indus valley civilisation and present-day West Asia.
5. What were cowries and where did they travel?
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Seashells from the Maldives used as currency; they reached China and East Africa for over a thousand years.
6. Since when can the long-distance spread of germs be traced?
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It begins in the seventh century, and by the thirteenth the connection is impossible to miss.
7. Why were the silk routes given that name?
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Because of the importance of west-bound Chinese silk cargoes carried along them.
8. Which regions did the silk routes connect?
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Vast regions of Asia, and Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
9. When did the silk routes exist?
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From before the Christian Era until almost the fifteenth century.
10. What goods travelled west along the silk routes besides silk?
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Chinese pottery, and textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia.
11. What flowed from Europe to Asia along the silk routes?
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Precious metals — gold and silver.
12. Which religions spread along the silk routes?
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Buddhism from eastern India, Christianity through early missionaries, and Islam through early Muslim preachers.
13. What does the spaghetti-noodle story show?
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Even if the exact origin is unknown, it suggests long-distance cultural contact in the pre-modern world.
14. Where might Arab traders have taken pasta?
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To Sicily, an island now in Italy, in the fifth century.
15. Name five foods that came to Asia and Europe from the Americas.
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Potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes (also chillies and sweet potatoes).
16. When did these American foods reach Europe and Asia?
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Only after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, about five centuries ago.
17. Who first grew many of these foods?
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America's original inhabitants, the American Indians.
18. How did the potato help Europe's poor?
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They began to eat better and live longer.
19. What caused the Irish Potato Famine?
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Disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s, and Ireland's poorest peasants depended almost entirely on it.
20. What were the human costs of the Great Irish Potato Famine?
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About 1,000,000 people died of starvation between 1845 and 1849, and about twice that number emigrated.
21. What does it mean that the world 'shrank' in the sixteenth century?
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Distant regions became much more closely connected after Europeans found a sea route to Asia and crossed the ocean to America.
22. Which two voyages made the world shrink in the 1500s?
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European sailors finding a sea route to Asia, and crossing the western ocean to America.
23. What was the role of the Indian subcontinent in Indian Ocean trade?
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It was central to the flows of goods, people, knowledge and customs, and a crucial point in their networks.
24. How did the entry of Europeans affect Indian Ocean trade?
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It helped expand or redirect some of the existing flows towards Europe.
25. For how long had America gone without regular contact with anywhere else?
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For millions of years.
26. What resources of America transformed world trade from the sixteenth century?
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Its vast lands, abundant crops and minerals.
27. Where were the silver mines that enriched Europe?
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In present-day Peru and Mexico.
28. How did American silver help Europe?
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It enhanced Europe's wealth and financed its trade with Asia.
29. What was El Dorado?
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A fabled city of gold in South America that inspired many European expeditions.
30. Which countries conquered and colonised America by the mid-sixteenth century?
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Portugal and Spain.
31. What was the Spanish conquerors' most powerful weapon?
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Germs such as smallpox that they carried on their bodies.
32. Why did America's original inhabitants have no immunity to smallpox?
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Because of their long isolation from the rest of the world, they had never been exposed to such diseases.
33. How did smallpox pave the way for conquest?
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It spread deep into the continent, even ahead of Europeans, and wiped out whole communities.
34. Why were diseases a more effective weapon than guns?
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Guns could be bought or seized and turned on the invaders, but diseases could not, and the conquerors were mostly immune.
35. Why did thousands of Europeans flee to America before the nineteenth century?
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Poverty, hunger, crowded cities, deadly diseases, religious conflicts and persecution of religious dissenters.
36. Who is a dissenter?
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One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
37. What were slave plantations in America growing by the eighteenth century?
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Cotton and sugar for European markets, worked by slaves captured in Africa.
38. Which two countries were among the world's richest until well into the eighteenth century?
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China and India.
39. What did China do from the fifteenth century?
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The account given is that it pulled back from contact overseas and turned inward.
40. Why did the centre of world trade shift to Europe?
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China's reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas moved the centre of world trade westwards.
41. Which parts of this chapter are examined in the board paper?
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Only subtopics 1 to 1.3 — the pre-modern world, silk routes, food travels, and conquest, disease and trade.
42. What are the three flows of international economic exchange?
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Trade (mostly goods), labour (migration for work) and capital (investment over long distances).
43. What happened after Britain scrapped the Corn Laws?
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Cheap imported food replaced much British farming, and vast lands abroad were cleared to grow food for Britain.
44. Which technologies transformed nineteenth-century trade?
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Railways, steamships, the telegraph and refrigerated ships.
45. Why were refrigerated ships important?
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They allowed perishable foods such as meat to be transported over long distances.
46. What happened in Berlin in 1885?
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The big European powers met to divide Africa among themselves.
47. What was rinderpest and what did it do?
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A cattle plague that reached Africa in the late 1880s and killed about 90 per cent of cattle, forcing Africans into wage labour.
48. Where did Indian indentured labourers go?
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To the Caribbean islands, Mauritius, Fiji, Ceylon, Malaya and elsewhere.
49. Name two cultural forms created by indentured labourers.
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The Hosay carnival in Trinidad and chutney music in Trinidad and Guyana.
50. When was indentured migration from India abolished?
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In 1921.
51. How did the First World War change the US?
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It turned the US from an international debtor into an international creditor.
52. What was Henry Ford's contribution to mass production?
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He adapted the assembly line to make cars such as the T-Model quickly and cheaply.
53. When did the Great Depression take place?
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From around 1929 to the mid-1930s.
54. How did the Great Depression affect India?
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Exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934, wheat prices fell by 50 per cent, peasants fell into debt, and India exported gold.
55. Which institutions were set up at Bretton Woods?
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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
56. What was the Bretton Woods exchange system?
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Fixed exchange rates, with the US dollar anchored to gold at 35 dollars an ounce.
57. What was the G-77?
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A group of developing countries that demanded a New International Economic Order.
58. Why did the Bretton Woods system end?
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From the 1960s the dollar weakened and could not keep its value in gold, so fixed exchange rates gave way to floating rates.
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