Quick Kit: 18 flashcards
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1. What is the OSI model and how many layers does it have?
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The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes network communication into **7 abstraction layers**.
2. List the 7 layers of the OSI model from bottom to top.
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1. Physical 2. Data Link 3. Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application
3. What is the primary function of the Physical layer (Layer 1)?
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It transmits raw bit streams over a physical medium (e.g., cables, radio frequencies, fiber optics).
4. What does the Data Link layer (Layer 2) do?
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It provides node-to-node data transfer, error detection/correction, and frames data into packets. It handles MAC addresses.
5. What is the role of the Network layer (Layer 3)?
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It handles logical addressing (IP addresses), routing, and packet forwarding between different networks.
6. What does the Transport layer (Layer 4) ensure?
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It provides end-to-end communication, error recovery, flow control, and data segmentation. TCP and UDP operate here.
7. What is the function of the Session layer (Layer 5)?
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It establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications. It handles dialog control and synchronization.
8. What does the Presentation layer (Layer 6) do?
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It translates data between application and network formats, handling encryption, compression, and data encoding (e.g., SSL/TLS).
9. What is the role of the Application layer (Layer 7)?
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It provides network services directly to end-user applications (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS).
10. Which OSI layer do routers operate at?
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Routers operate at the **Network layer (Layer 3)**, using IP addresses to forward packets between networks.
11. Which OSI layer do switches typically operate at?
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Switches operate at the **Data Link layer (Layer 2)**, using MAC addresses to forward frames within a local network.
12. What is encapsulation in the OSI model?
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Encapsulation is the process where each layer adds its own header (and sometimes trailer) to data as it moves down the layers, creating a protocol data unit (PDU).
13. What is a PDU (Protocol Data Unit) at each layer?
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Physical: bits Data Link: frames Network: packets Transport: segments (TCP) or datagrams (UDP) Session/Presentation/Application: data
14. What is the difference between TCP and UDP in terms of OSI layers?
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Both operate at Layer 4 (Transport). TCP is connection-oriented with guaranteed delivery; UDP is connectionless with no delivery guarantee.
15. What does 'de-encapsulation' mean in the OSI model?
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De-encapsulation is the reverse process where each receiving layer strips its corresponding header as data moves up the layers.
16. Which OSI layer handles error detection and correction using CRC?
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The **Data Link layer (Layer 2)** uses Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for error detection in frames.
17. What is a common mnemonic for remembering the 7 OSI layers from top to bottom?
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All People Seem To Need Data Processing (Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical).
18. Why is the OSI model considered a conceptual framework rather than a protocol?
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The OSI model is a reference model that describes how different networking protocols should interact, but it is not itself a protocol. Real-world protocols like TCP/IP implement its concepts.
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