Digital Electronics Fundamentals: 30 flashcards
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1. What two values does a digital signal use?
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0 and 1 (binary)
2. How does an analog signal differ from a digital signal?
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Analog is continuous and can take any value; digital is discrete with only two levels.
3. Why are digital circuits noise-resistant?
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The two levels are far apart, so small noise does not flip a 0 into a 1.
4. What base is the binary number system?
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Base 2
5. Convert $(1011)_2$ to decimal.
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$8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11$
6. How many distinct values can $n$ bits represent?
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$2^n$ values
7. Name the three primitive logic gates.
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AND, OR, and NOT
8. When does an AND gate output 1?
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Only when both inputs are 1
9. When does an OR gate output 1?
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When at least one input is 1
10. What does a NOT gate do?
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Inverts its input: output is 1 when input is 0, and 0 when input is 1.
11. Which gate is functionally complete on its own?
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NAND (and also NOR)
12. What is a truth table?
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A table listing the output for every possible input combination.
13. What is sum-of-products form?
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Writing an output as an OR of AND terms, one product term per row where output is 1.
14. What is a Karnaugh map used for?
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Visually simplifying Boolean expressions to reduce gates.
15. State De Morgan's theorem for $\overline{A + B}$.
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$\overline{A + B} = \overline{A} \cdot \overline{B}$
16. State De Morgan's theorem for $\overline{A \cdot B}$.
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$\overline{A \cdot B} = \overline{A} + \overline{B}$
17. What is the absorption identity in Boolean algebra?
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$A + AB = A$
18. What distinguishes a combinational circuit?
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Its output depends only on the present inputs.
19. What distinguishes a sequential circuit?
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Its output depends on past inputs because it contains flip-flops (memory).
20. What is the role of a clock in a sequential circuit?
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It synchronises flip-flops so the system updates one step at a time.
21. What are the outputs of a half adder?
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Sum $= A \oplus B$ and Carry $= A \cdot B$
22. What extra input does a full adder accept compared to a half adder?
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A carry-in
23. How do you build an $n$-bit adder?
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Cascade $n$ full adders (ripple-carry adder).
24. What two processes convert an analog signal to digital?
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Sampling and quantisation
25. Why does a copied MP3 sound identical to the original?
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Bits are discrete and noise-resistant, so copying causes no degradation.
26. Give one reason digital design scales well.
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Identical gates can be mass-produced and reused in standard cells.
27. What is $(10)_2$ in decimal?
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2, not ten
28. In binary, what is $1 + 1$?
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$10$ (which is 2 in decimal)
29. Name two everyday devices that are digital systems.
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Smartphones and digital watches (also laptops, calculators, etc.)
30. Why did digital win over analog for processing and storage?
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Digital is noise-immune, easy to store, copy perfectly, and design with Boolean algebra.
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