Shivaji Era: 61 flashcards
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1. Who controlled most of Maharashtra at the beginning of the 17th century CE?
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Nizamshah of Ahmadnagar and Adilshah of Bijapur.
2. Which foreign power had entered Khandesh and aimed to expand in the south?
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The Mughals.
3. Who were the Siddi people and where did they settle?
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People from Africa who settled along the Konkan coastline.
4. Why were Europeans called 'Topkar'?
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Because of their customary headgear.
5. Which European power had already established rule in Goa and Vasai?
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The Portuguese.
6. What was a 'mauja'?
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A village.
7. Who was the chief of a village (mauja)?
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The Patil.
8. What was the role of the Kulkarni in a village?
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He helped the Patil and kept records of revenue collection.
9. What was 'baluta'?
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A share of agricultural produce given by peasants to artisans for their services.
10. What was a 'kasba'?
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A big village, usually the headquarters of a pargana.
11. What was a 'peth'?
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A market adjacent to a kasba.
12. Who were the watandars of a peth?
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The Shete and Mahajan.
13. What was a 'pargana'?
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A group of many villages.
14. Who were the watandars of a pargana?
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The Deshmukh and Deshpande.
15. What do 'Budruk' and 'Khurd' indicate in village names?
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Budruk means the original town, Khurd means the new one.
16. What was the impact of a famine on villages?
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Crops failed, food prices rose, fodder and water became scarce, people were forced to leave.
17. When did a great famine occur in Maharashtra?
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1630 CE.
18. What was the center of the Sant movement?
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Pandharpur.
19. Which deity was the object of worship for the Varkari Sants?
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Vitthal.
20. Who was Sant Namdeo?
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A great Sant of the Varkari movement, skilled organizer and keertankar, who spread equality and Bhagwat religion.
21. What is 'Dnyaneshwari'?
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A commentary on the Bhagavad Geeta written by Sant Dnyaneshwar.
22. Which work of Sant Dnyaneshwar uplifts the mind?
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Pasayadaan.
23. What are the literary forms used by Sant Eknath?
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Abhanga, gavalana, bharud, etc.
24. What did Sant Eknath demonstrate through his conduct?
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That there is no need to renounce worldly matters to attain the highest truth.
25. What is Sant Tukaram's 'Gatha'?
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A precious treasure of the Marathi language, containing his abhangas.
26. What did Sant Tukaram do to free poor families from loans?
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He threw the loan documents into the Indrayani river.
27. What did Sant Tukaram stress should be coupled with devotion?
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Morality.
28. Who were some disciples of Sant Tukaram?
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Navji Mali, Gavnarshet Wani, Santaji Jagnade, Shivba Kasar, Bahinabai Siurkar, Mahadajipant Kulkarni.
29. What was the main message of the Sants?
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Equality, humanity, harmony, unity, and love.
30. Who was Ramdas Swami?
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A Sant from Jamb in Marathwada who emphasized physical fitness and founded the Samarth Sampradaya.
31. What was the center of the Samarth Sampradaya?
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Chaphal.
32. What did Ramdas Swami propagate?
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Worship of Ram and Hanuman, and the importance of people's movement and organization.
33. Who is considered a visionary of Swaraj before Shivaji Maharaj?
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Shahaji Maharaj.
34. What does 'baluta' refer to?
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A share of agricultural produce given to artisans.
35. What does 'vatan' mean?
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Hereditary rights or grants to land or revenue.
36. Who were the watandars of a village?
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The Patil and Kulkarni.
37. What was the role of the Mahajan in a peth?
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Maintained the accounts of the peth.
38. What was the main occupation in a kasba?
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Agriculture.
39. Which Sant's abhangas were sunk in the Indrayani?
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Sant Tukaram's.
40. What does the quote 'जोडोनिया धन उत्तम व्यवहारे । उदास विचारे वेच करी ।।' mean?
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Earn wealth through good conduct, and spend it with detachment.
41. What was the message of Sant Sawata?
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Find God in your work, as in farm work.
42. What did the Sants teach about caste and varna?
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To do away with pride arising from caste and varna and see everyone as equal.
43. What was the impact of the Sants' work on society?
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Social awakening, self-confidence, and moral sensibilities.
44. Who were some women Sants?
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Sant Kanhopatra, Sant Bahinabai Siurkar, and others.
45. What is the 'Vari'?
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A pilgrimage to Pandharpur undertaken by Varkaris.
46. In which month do Varkaris go on the Vari?
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In the month of Ashadh (June-July) and Kartik (November-December).
47. What is the significance of Pandharpur in the Sant movement?
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It was the center where Sants and pilgrims rejoiced in devotion and propagated equality.
48. What does 'Bhavarth Ramayana' contain?
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The story of Ram, portraying people's life, written by Sant Eknath.
49. What did Sant Eknath say about Sanskrit and Marathi?
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He believed Marathi was inferior to no other language and criticized those who hated other religions.
50. What is 'Amrutanubhav'?
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A composition by Sant Dnyaneshwar.
51. Who were Sant Dnyaneshwar's siblings?
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Sant Nivruttinath, Sant Sopandev, and Muktabai.
52. What was the pledge of Sant Namdeo?
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'नाचू कीर्तनाचे रंगी । ज्ञानदीप लावू जगी ।।' (Dance in the joy of keertan, light the lamp of knowledge in the world.)
53. Where did Sant Namdeo go to propagate his thoughts?
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Up to Punjab.
54. What is the mark of a true Sant according to Sant Tukaram?
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One who endures the blows of the world.
55. What was the political situation in Maharashtra before Shivaji Maharaj?
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Under Adilshahi and other powers, not independent, with foreign invasions and instability.
56. What was the objective of the Mughals in the south?
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To expand their power.
57. What was the impact of European competition on Maharashtra?
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Instability and insecurity.
58. What was the role of the Patil in a village?
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To bring maximum land under cultivation and resolve disputes.
59. What was the role of the Deshmukh and Deshpande?
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They were watandars of the pargana.
60. What was the significance of the peth?
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It was a market that facilitated trade and commerce.
61. What was the condition of people during the 1630 famine?
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They were ready to sell themselves for a piece of bhakri, but there was nobody to buy them.
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