Health & Disease: 18 flashcards
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1. What is the WHO definition of health?
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Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
2. Name the three pillars of health.
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Physical health, mental health, and social health.
3. What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
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A symptom is what a person feels inside (e.g., pain, tiredness) and cannot be seen by others. A sign is what can be seen or measured by others (e.g., fever, rash, swelling).
4. Why do we get a fever when we have an infection?
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The body raises its temperature to kill the germs causing the infection.
5. What are the three main ways pathogens enter the body?
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Through air (coughing/sneezing), direct or indirect contact (touching an infected person or sharing personal items), and contaminated food or water.
6. Define communicable diseases and give two examples.
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Communicable diseases spread from one person to another and are caused by pathogens. Examples: Typhoid, Dengue, Flu, COVID-19, Chickenpox.
7. Define non-communicable diseases and give two examples.
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Non-communicable diseases do not spread from person to person and are linked to lifestyle, diet, and environment. Examples: Diabetes, Cancer, Asthma, Heart Disease.
8. What is the main cause of the increase in lifestyle diseases like diabetes and heart problems?
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Modern lifestyle choices such as junk food consumption, lack of physical activity, more screen time, stress, and late sleeping habits.
9. What is immunity?
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Immunity is the body's natural power to fight diseases. The immune system acts as the body's defense army.
10. How do vaccines work?
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Vaccines introduce weakened or dead germs (or their harmless parts) into the body. The immune system learns to recognize and fight these 'fake' germs, so when real germs enter, the body is prepared to eliminate them quickly.
11. Who discovered the first vaccine and for which disease?
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Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for smallpox.
12. What is antibiotic resistance and what causes it?
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Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria become strong enough to survive antibiotics, making medicines ineffective. Causes include unnecessary use of antibiotics, not completing the full course, taking incorrect doses, using antibiotics for viral infections, and giving antibiotics to animals unnecessarily.
13. Why do antibiotics not work against viruses like the common cold?
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Antibiotics are designed to kill bacteria, not viruses. Viruses are different pathogens, so antibiotics are ineffective against them.
14. What is the difference between a communicable and a non-communicable disease in terms of prevention?
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Communicable diseases need prevention from spreading (e.g., hygiene, vaccination), while non-communicable diseases need lifestyle correction (e.g., diet, exercise).
15. What are the three deficiency diseases mentioned and their causes?
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Scurvy (lack of Vitamin C), Anemia (lack of Iron), Goiter (lack of Iodine).
16. How does stress affect the body's ability to fight disease?
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Stress weakens the immune system, making the body more susceptible to illnesses. It can lead to poor sleep, reduced appetite, and weakened body defense.
17. What is the significance of the Bhadrak District (Odisha) case study?
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It showed that a sanitation campaign promoting toilet use and reducing open defecation improved cleanliness, reduced disease cases (like diarrhea), and resulted in healthier children.
18. What is the one-line memory point for why old diseases (like smallpox) reduced and new diseases (like diabetes) increased?
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Germ diseases reduced due to science; lifestyle diseases increased due to our habits.
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