Python Programming — C20 DCME Fifth Semester (Board Exam Scope): 35 flashcards
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1. What is a variable in Python?
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A name that refers to a value stored in memory; no explicit type declaration is needed.
2. What is dynamic typing in Python?
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The type of a variable is determined at runtime, so the same name can later refer to a value of a different type.
3. How do declaration and initialization usually happen in Python?
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Together, in a single assignment statement such as `x = 10`.
4. What is an operator?
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A symbol that performs an operation on one or more operands.
5. Name the six families of Python operators.
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Arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, membership, and identity.
6. What is the difference between `=` and `==`?
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`=` assigns a value to a name; `==` compares two values for equality.
7. What does a `for` loop do?
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It iterates over a sequence such as a list, string, or the output of `range()`.
8. What does a `while` loop do?
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It repeats a block as long as its condition remains true.
9. What does `range(5)` produce?
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The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 — it stops before the end value.
10. What does `range(1, 10, 2)` produce?
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1, 3, 5, 7, 9 — the third argument is the step.
11. What does `break` do inside a loop?
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It exits the loop immediately.
12. What does `continue` do inside a loop?
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It skips the rest of the current iteration and jumps to the next one.
13. What does `assert` do?
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It checks a condition and raises an error if the condition is false.
14. What is a positional argument?
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An argument matched to a parameter by its order in the call.
15. What is a keyword argument?
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An argument matched to a parameter by name, e.g. `greet(name="Ravi")`.
16. What is a default argument?
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A parameter value used when the caller omits that argument.
17. What does `*args` collect?
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Extra positional arguments, gathered into a tuple.
18. What does `**kwargs` collect?
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Extra keyword arguments, gathered into a dictionary.
19. What is a string in Python?
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An immutable sequence of characters.
20. Name four built-in string methods.
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`upper()`, `lower()`, `split()`, and `join()` are four of them.
21. What does the `string` module provide?
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Constants such as `string.ascii_letters` and `string.digits`.
22. How do lists and tuples differ?
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Lists are mutable; tuples are ordered but immutable.
23. What is a dictionary?
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A collection of key-value pairs in which keys are unique.
24. What is a set?
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An unordered collection that stores no duplicates.
25. What does mutability mean?
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An object can be changed after it is created; lists, dicts, and sets are mutable.
26. How do you clone a list?
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Use `b = a[:]` or `b = list(a)` to create an independent copy.
27. Why does `b = a` not clone a list?
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It only creates a second name for the same list, so changes through `b` also appear in `a`.
28. What is a class?
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A blueprint for creating objects.
29. What is an object?
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A specific instance of a class, with its own attributes and methods.
30. What is data hiding in Python?
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Restricting direct access to an object's internal data, using `_name` or `__name` conventions.
31. What is the structure of exception handling?
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`try`, `except`, `else`, and `finally` respond to runtime errors gracefully.
32. What is Python IDLE?
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The built-in editor and shell that ships with Python.
33. How do you run a saved Python program in IDLE?
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Save the file as `.py` and press F5.
34. What are the three parts of this exam paper?
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Part A (3-mark short answers), Part B (8-mark explanations and programs), and Part C (one 10-mark program).
35. Which string methods help count letters and digits?
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`.isalpha()` and `.isdigit()`, used inside a loop.
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